Vacuum Cleaner and James Dyson free essay sample

When you hear the name James Dyson you may recall his famous Dyson cyclonic vacuum that came on the market a few years ago. What do you think his next invention will be? Developing new products and managing them through the first several stages of the product life cycle can be a difficult and risky task. Inventor James Dyson learned how to manage an effective product life cycle through trial and error. His experiences have led him to believe that the time has come for an â€Å"effective and environmentally friendly† hand dryer for private and public restrooms. Though this seems a far cry from vacuums, Dyson’s entrepreneurial skills have helped him to launch his new venture. Dyson’s inventions tend to come from two basic sources. First, his organization looks for solutions to common frustrations of the consuming public. Second, the Dyson group tries to find new uses for technologies or products that the organization already controls. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacuum Cleaner and James Dyson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These two paths have led his organization to increasing success in developing new products and introducing them to the marketplace. How will James Dyson leverage technologies and products following the hand-dryer project? Known for his pursuit and support of cutting-edge technology, Dyson is experimenting with robotics and microchips in order to develop appliances that give humans more free time, away from their daily chores. History shows that his ideas are in-tune with those of the public. Adapted from â€Å"The Vacuum Man Takes On Wet Hands† by Steve Hamm, Business Week, July 2, 2007, pp. 84, 86. Case study developed by Dr. John R. Brooks, Jr. , Houston Baptist University.

3 Changes That Will Take Your Essay From Good To Great

3 Changes That Will Take Your Essay From Good To Great Whether youre sitting down to write a research paper for English class about Buddha or youre hours deep in the writing portion of the ACT, you want to write a great essay. And although different people have different notions about what makes an essay truly great, there are a number of things that educators and writers generally agree upon as gold-quality standards. Here are three of those qualities that can take your essay from basic to fabulous. 1. Language The usage of language in an essay is more than just the actual words you use throughout. Things like sentence structure, stylistic choices, levels of formality, grammar, usage, and mechanics all come into play.    Good Language Good language in an essay is merely adequate. Its basic. Theres nothing inherently wrong  with your language, but theres nothing exceptional about it, either. Good essay language means youre using  some variety in your sentence structures. For instance, you may write a few simple sentences interspersed with some compound sentences. Your level of formality and tone are also appropriate to the essay. Youre not using familiar language and slang, for example, when youre writing a research report in class. Good language in an essay does not disrupt your thesis. Your point gets across and thats all well and fine if youre happy with a good essay. Example:  When Jack walked into his grandmothers kitchen, he spotted the freshly baked cake on the counter. He helped himself to a huge piece. It was chocolate, and the frosting was a delicious vanilla buttercream. He licked his lips and took a gigantic bite.   Great Language Great language is fresh, full of sensory detail when appropriate and propels your essay forward in invigorating ways. Great language uses a variety of sentence structures and even some intentional fragments when appropriate. Your tone isnt merely adequate; it enhances your argument or point. Your language is precise. Its chosen specifically to add nuance or shades of meaning. The sensory details you select pull your readers in, giving them goosebumps, and make them want to keep on reading. Great language makes readers take what youve said very seriously. Example:  Jack stepped over the threshold of his grandmothers kitchen and inhaled. Chocolate cake. His stomach rumbled. He walked to the counter, mouth watering, and took a   rose-pattered china plate from the cabinet and a bread knife from the drawer. The slice he sawed off was enough for three. The first bite of rich vanilla buttercream made his jaw ache. Before he knew it, nothing was left but chocolate crumbs scattered on the plate like confetti.   2. Analysis Teachers are always asking you to dig deep in your essay, but what does that really mean? Depth is the level at which you analyze the topic you are writing about. The deeper you dive into your essay, the more poking and prodding at values, tensions, complexities, and assumptions you will do.   Good Analysis The word analysis in and of itself implies a certain level of depth. A good analysis will use reasoning and examples that are clear and adequately demonstrate the importance of the topic. Support may be relevant, but it may come across as overly general or simplistic. You will have scratched the surface of the topic, but you will not have explored as many of the complexities as you could have.   Lets take, for example, this question: Should cyberbullying be stopped by the government? Example: Cyberbullying needs to be stopped in its tracks by the government because of the harm that it causes to the victim. Teenagers who have been bullied online have had to be treated for depression, have felt compelled to change schools, and some have even committed suicide. A persons life is too important not to intervene.   Great Analysis A great analysis of a topic is a thoughtful critique that demonstrates insight. It critiques assumptions and details complexities not hinted at in just a good analysis. In the example above, the good analysis mentions the harm to a victim of bullying and names three things that could happen to him or her because of it, but doesnt get into other areas that might offer more insight like societal values, governmental control, effects rippling from one generation to the next, for example.   Example:  Although cyberbullying needs to be stopped - the effects are to dire not  to intervene - the government cannot be the entity to regulate speech online. The fiscal and personal costs would be staggering. Not only would citizens be forced to give up their First Amendment rights to free speech, they would have to relinquish their rights to privacy, as well. The government would be everywhere, becoming even more of a big brother than they are right now. Who would pay for such scrutiny? Citizens would pay with their freedom and  their wallets.   3. Organization Organization can quite literally make or break your essay. If a reader doesnt understand how youve gotten from point A to point B because none of your dots seem to connect, then he or she wont be compelled to read any further. And more importantly, he or she will not have listened to what you have had to say. And thats the biggest problem there is.   Good Organization A standard five-paragraph essay structure is what most students use when they write essays. They start with an introductory paragraph ending with a thesis sentence. They move on to body paragraph one with a topic sentence, and then proceed, with a few scattered transitions, to body paragraphs two and three. They round out their essay with a conclusion that neatly restates the thesis and ends with a question or a challenge. Sound about right? If this sounds like every essay youve ever written, then you can be sure youre not alone. Its a perfectly adequate structure for a basic essay.   Example: Introduction with thesis Body paragraph oneSupport oneSupport twoSupport three Body paragraph twoSupport oneSupport twoSupport three Body paragraph threeSupport oneSupport twoSupport threeConclusion with restated thesis Great Organization Great organization tends to move beyond just simple supports and basic transitions. Ideas will progress logically and increase the arguments success. Transitions within and between paragraphs will strengthen the argument and heighten meaning. If you start out organizing your essay strategically, with room for analysis and counterarguments built in, your chances of building a great essay improve by quite a bit. And some students find it easier to get more in depth by writing a four-paragraph essay instead of five. You can engaged more with a particular topic in the body paragraphs if you knock out your weakest argument and focus instead on providing a deeper, more thoughtful analysis with just two.   Example:   Introduction with thesis Body paragraph oneSupport one with detailed analysisSupport two that addresses values, complexities and assumptionsCounterpoint and dismissal of the counterpoint Body paragraph twoSupport one with detailed analysisSupport two that addresses values, complexities and assumptionsCounterpoint and dismissal of the counterpointConclusion with restated thesis and option for better idea Writing Great Essays If your goal is to move forward out of mediocrity, then spend some time learning the basics of great essay writing. After that, pick up your pencil or paper and practice. Nothing will prepare you better for your next essay then writing strategically-organized, well-analyzed, and carefully-worded paragraphs when the pressure  isnt  on. Here are some places to start: Enhanced ACT Writing Essay PromptsOld SAT Essay PromptsPhoto Writing Prompts for Any Age14 Ways to Write Better in High School

Binocular Vision Of Myotragus Balearicus

Binocular Vision Of Myotragus Balearicus Have you ever been to a zoo? If you stroll to the zoo, you will see a lot of animals but, do you observe enough? If you have a closer look, you will notice that different animals have different placement of eyes depending on their eyes’ functions. Mark Changizi (2008) proposed that forward-facing eyes allowed our ancestors to see through the dense leaves and branches in their forest habitat which is related to clutter problems in the visions. The clutter problem is not so beneficial to large-bodied animals in forests but for smaller animals, they will have less clutter because their heads are small enough to see in between branches and leaves. As we all know, terrestrial herbivores are animals that live on land and only eat plants and they have their eyes on both sides of their heads. Most terrestrial herbivores have the monocular vision because they are the prey, which they use their vision as a defense mechanism or to search for food. On the other hand, binocular vision tend belongs to predator as they use their vision to search for their prey because binocular vision has wider area of vision and more sharp. The history of how Myotragus balearicus was found is when Bate went to Majorca to search for dwarf hippopotamesus and elephants but unfortunately she failed in finding them. Instead, she found remains of strange goat with ever growing rodent-like incisors. She named it Myotragus balearicus, literally the mouse goat of the Balearics. Kopper and Waldren (1967) claimed that Myotragus would show clear sign of domestication. Therefore, human and these bovids have been contemporaneous with each other. However, despite their claims, association of human remains and Myotragus at Muleta Cave (about 7230 years ago) and at rock shelter Son Matge cannot be confirmed. After all the analysis, they all come into a conclusion that Myotragus was an animal that frequently sheltered in caves and rock shelters, previously hinted at by Bate (1909), a quite normal behavior for ruminant. On the other hand, the extinction of Myotragus probably was not caused by a climatic change but was due to human colonization of the islands. The human activity may be hunting or human-induced changes to its habitat. The latter cause is suggested by relatively sudden replacement of Buxus balearicus woods by Olea europaea maquis shrubland around the time of the first human arrived at that island. Based on direct dating of the Myotragus bines, its extinction on Majorca and Carebra is estimated 5700 years ago and Minorca 5970 years ago. Despite earlier claims, there is no reliable evidence for the presence of Myotragus in the human layers get Majorca. This indicates by the time of 4000 years ago, the line age had already gone extinct, same goes to Minorca. Carebra was not inhabitant before the Ounic times (23 000 years ago), and therefore not have played any role in Myotragus extinction. Given the lack of evidence for an overlap of coexistence of humans and Myotragus, in combination wit h the restricted mobility and the assumed tameness of the latter, it is possible to think of a very rapid extinction following the arrival of humans, leaving no archaeological record. As for now, scientists are currently researching for why the Myotragus balearicus have binocular vision because their eyes were placed at the front, although goats are generally known belong to the prey group because majority of goats had their eyes at both sides of their head. Thus, this thesis will discuss why terrestrial herbivores have their eyes located on both sides of their head and why Myotragus balearicus did not have them placed in that way.

Protein purification using anion exchange membranes Term Paper

Protein purification using anion exchange membranes - Term Paper Example This change results in the protein being less capable of forming a strong ionic interaction with negatively charged cation exchanger. A similar chain of events occurs with anion exchange media. At a lower pH of the mobile phase the target molecule becomes more protonated and hence positively charged. The result is that the target molecule no longer has the capability to form a strong ionic interaction with the positively charged anion exchanger which causes the molecule to elute from stationary phase. Ion exchange is the most commonly practiced chromatographic method of protein purification due to its ease. This technique exploits the amphoteric character of a protein ( net positive in low pH buffer and negative in a high pH buffer). The technique exploits the fact that the distribution and net charge on the protein’s surface determines the interaction of the protein with the charged groups on the surface of the immobile phase, an anion exchange membrane in this case. The char ges on the protein and the membrane must be opposite for the exchange interaction to occur. The support membrane, which has covalently attached positive functional groups, is referred to as an anion exchanger if mobile negatively charged anions will be the exchanged species. ... In membrane chromatographic processes, the transport of solutes to their binding sites take place predominantly by convection and the pore diffusion is very small comparing with the beads column, thereby the mass transfer resistance is tremendously reduced. Membrane chromatography is a promising process for the isolation, purification, and recovery of proteins, enzymes, and nuclear acids. Comparing with traditional beads column chromatography, membrane chromatography can be faster, easier and cheaper to mass-produce. And also, it is easy to set up and scale up. Most important is saving time in membrane chromatography, this is important because many proteins lose their activities with time. Membranes are also more convenient because they do not require column hardware or packing, they reduce buffer usage and floor space requirements and they generally improve manufacturing flexibility. There are mainly three shapes of membrane available, including flat sheet, hollow fiber and radial f low used for protein purification (2). (From http://www.natrixseparations.com/media/application_note7.pdf) Figure 1 Principles of an anion exchange chromatography: Lowering pH on the protein elution from positively charged anion-exchange membrane. Molecules with higher charge density bind much stronger to the membrane and consequently require greater change in pH to be released from the membrane surface. Theory: Proteins are bound to anion exchange membranes by reversible, electrostatic interactions. A separation is obtained because the diverse array of molecular species have different affinities for the exchanger. The adsorbed proteins are eluted in order of least to most strongly bound molecules,

What is the significance of fire in Faulkner's Barn Burning Essay

What is the significance of fire in Faulkner's Barn Burning - Essay Example sis, and such practice is still in continuance today where individuals and scholars are attempting to analyze a piece of literature to identify different symbols, themes, and moral lessons from it. This paper is attempting a similar attempt of analyzing one of the most popular works of William Faulkner: ‘Barn Burning’ (Faulkner, pp. 1-47), and will endeavor to identify the significance and representation of the ‘fire’ in this tale of acceptance and self-discovery. Brief review of this piece of literature has indicated that Sarty has played the leading role in this story while his father depicts an unconstructive role due to, and in protest of the upper classes of the Civil War. In specific, Abner Snopes is father in this story that cherishes the moment of destruction of others’ barns that he burns to protest against aristocrats (Faulkner, pp. 11-12). In this story, the author has attempted to portray different aspects of the relationship of father and son, as the leading character of the story confronts two sides: his father’s and truth’s. In such theme, the author has played a significant role by using the symbolized notion of ‘fire’ at various places of the story. Although fire is a factual object, however, the notion of fire symbolizes anger of the father, as well as his impudence and effrontery for property, and specifically, barns of other people. In this way, the author has attempted to use the symbol of fire to explain hidden messages in the story, as the approach is clear from the very start of the story that begins with fire of a barn and ends with the same. In personal opinion, brief review of the story indicated that leading character’s obsessive affection to his family (Millgate, pp. 271), especially to his father is also related to the notion of ‘fire’, as story shows that Sarty trusted his father in the beginning and continued to think that fires will end soon; however, the story ended with another fire from his father. In

Show an understanding Essay Example for Free

Show an understanding Essay I could almost imagine Ophelia as a lump of clay, but its not Shakespeare that models her, he gives us a simple character at the beginning symbolized by few words. She is then molded in our minds by the other characters. The same can be said about the way she is brought up, she has no apparent mother figure. Gertrude is the closest she gets, but is an incestuous women who may or may not have had knowledge of or taken some part in the regicide. Is she a good example of a mother? I think not! Yet she is brought up in part by Gertrude and also by a father who is no saint himself. In the Kenneth Brannah film interpretation he is seen during the scene with Reynaldo to be with prostitutes, while telling his companion to spy on his son whom he suspects of doing something similar. If her father were her role model I think it is not hard to see why Ophelia is not the complete women we would expect her to be. It was Sigmund Freud that said that we learn certain social, life and relationship skills from our parents especially the parent of apposing sex to the child therefore Ophelia will have become more like her father naturally. Although there is no evidence in the text to support this, it is what you would expect to happen in this relationship. In contrast to this Hamlet seems to be the only man in the play she can truly look up to or admire. He is charming and kind, writes her beautiful poetry makes her feel like a woman in many ways. So can we blame her for falling in love with him? As she knows no better, could we blame her for sleeping with Hamlet before marriage? The answer for both may be found in the text, the signals for both are clear in Act4 Scene5. She sings Quoth she, before u tumbled me, You promised me to wed. He answers- So I would I ha done, by yonder sun, ` And thou hadst not come to my bed. The words tumbled me means basically had sex with me, so we can clearly see that there relationship was sexual, if she is referring to their relationship. If she is speaking the truth but did she make love to him with no feeling just because she could, or, because she was in love with a chance to wed the man she wanted? I strongly believe the later to be true, I dont believe she would commit to having sex with Hamlet without love. Therefore I believe she asked for, or, was offered marriage. This is similar to what happens to Romeo and Juliet, but, unlike Juliet, Ophelia has sex on the belief she is to be married, whereas Juliet waits till she is married. Her innocence is shown in agreeing to this with out realizing first that Hamlet might just be after sex. Did they have sex before old Hamlets death or after? The answer to this question will greatly affect the above point. I think Hamlet told Ophelia he would wed her honestly but this was before his own father died changing him. (How much did the death of Old Hamlet affect Hamlets love for Ophelia? ) But from Ophelias point of view the man she loves goes mad and rejects her saying I never loved you her father dies and her brother is away in France. She has now no restraints, it almost as if her family and Hamlet were her anchor holding her to the ground, now that the rope as been cut she is drifting of up into a state madness until she reaches heaven. So therefore part of the madness is simple honesty mixed with the tragedies that have been placed before her. Her death is also interesting; Gertrude is the one who retells Ophelias story. To me, it seems her death was not suicide, but the act of a mad women not knowing what she was doing. Gertrudes description appears almost romantic and mysterious, hence inspiring Millais to paint her floating peacefully in the river. Gertrudes explanation of events is very much similar, a peaceful almost poetic end. She could be lying covering up the truth putting a gloss on it for Leartes to hear, I think it is the truth but it wasnt as simple and elegant as she makes it out to be. There on the pendant boughs her cronet weeds Clambring to hang, an envious silver broke, When down her weedy trophies and herself Fell in the weeping Broke.. Till that her garments, heavy with their drink, Pulled the poor wretch from her melodious lay To muddy death. It was an accident her falling in, but she was mad, and too unaware of her situation to save her self. Shes not a madwomen who commits suicide but a women driven to madness ending in death. Her madness serves a purpose as well; we can use the different ways Shakespeare shows madness by comparing hers with Hamlets. When Hamlet is mad, or is faking madness, he is a comic character making sarcastic jokes using his intelligence and wit. Many critics have also defined hamlets behavior as melancholia. But Ophelia is truly mad singing and acting insanely. Shakespeare presents her in this way so that we can see the true Hamlet we can see he is sane and is playing everyone for a fool. Hamlets antic disposition affects Ophelia greatly, whether he does it to protect her, or because he is simply cruel he pushes Ophelia away. Hamlets plan is to act mad to hide his knowledge of the regicide, using it as a cover. In doing so, he is partly responsible for Ophelias madness, killing Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. If is behavior hadnt been seen as mad R and G would not have been called for, Polonius would not have been hiding where he was and he would not have treated Ophelia in the same cruel way. However more significantly people think less of him and use it against him. A good example of this is when Claudius sends him to England to be executed as a murderous madman. During his madness he has a very revealing scene (Act 3 Scene 2) with Ophelia where he brings out their secret relationship. He makes very rude jokes, which would only be funny and recognizable to an Elizabethan audience. Only on studying the text closer would a modern audience find the jokes humorous, and even then the most liberal society would still be shocked at what Shakespeare was suggesting. Imagine being in the Elizabethan period watching Hamlet and two of the lead characters flirting and using obscene jokes. They would find it initially funny in a vulgar sort of way. However their opinion of Ophelia, the daughter of a Lord, would be somewhat less than it should for apparently being able to understand such vulgarity. For them they would respond completely differently to a modern viewer, she would be instantly seen as a wanton whore as some critics such as Jeremy Collier suggests. But if we look at the scene does Ophelia understand Hamlet and play along or does she have her words twisted by a perverted young madman. Hamlet Lady, shall I lie in your lap? Ophelia No my lord. Hamlet I mean, my head upon your lap? Ophelia Ay my lord. Hamlet Did you think I meant count matters? Ophelia I think nothing my lord. Hamlet Thats a fair thought to lie between maids legs. Ophelia What is, my lord? Hamlet Nothing. Ophelia You are merry my lord. It is important to note that in the Elizabethan era the word nothing meant female genitalia, now is Hamlet meaning nothing simply as meaning nothing or is he referring to something much ruder. Does Ophelia understand him? Does she lead him on in this scene and flirt back? I would have to answer no to both questions. However in discussion with fellow students we have seen both sides. It is in some ways possible to see that they are openly flirting with each other, which would make you respond differently to Ophelia. I think what is most likely to be true is that she understands Hamlet, but she is too much of a lady to respond in the same way. What has become transparently clear from what has been written about Hamlet is that life in Elsinore castle is, to say the very least, strange or rotten. Ophelia has grown up with less than perfect role models and is in a very poor situation. The politics, which hold her in the castle, are intense. Enemies on all sides surround the country of Denmark. As a result both she and the rest of the residents are effectively, appear to be trapped or held within Elsinore. It comes across as being extremely claustrophobic; everyone knows each other private lives it appears. The only person that seems to get any space for himself is Hamlet. He has long soliloquies; these become more numerous as he fakes his madness. The point I am coming to is that Ophelia is set free when she dies, she escapes the repression and claustrophobia of Elsinore. Is Shakespeare making a comment about society? This is echoed in the history of Britain, at the end of Queen Elizabeths reign, she was set free and a new King came from the north to take the throne and set England on a whole new course. In conclusion Ophelia is a very simple character made complicated by others. She was an innocent young woman, to be eventually dragged up into women hood, to be used and eventually to death. This is a result of her environment-no mothers influence throughout, except for Gertrudes poor attempt, a father who is indifferent about his childrens welfare and a brother away. She falls in love with the crown prince of Denmark; he to loves her More than a hundred brothers. The madness within the castle reduces her to the same state and like Denmark itself dies. A case of innocence robbed? No a case of innocence mislead, but with out this innocence does she become a wanton whore? Im not sure what to think Im left wondering what Shakespeare intended. This Shakespeare play presents more questions than it answers and with out the answer I am still unsure on Ophelias intended character.

Examine Miller’s presentation of John Proctor :: English Literature

Examine Miller’s presentation of John Proctor and the Circumstances which lead to his choosing to be executed. Although the events of the play are based on events that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, Miller was liberal in his fictionalisation. For example, the affair between farmer, husband, and father John Proctor, and the Minister’s teenage niece, Abigail Williams, drive many of the accusations of witchcraft in the play – in fact at the time of the Witch Trials, Williams would only have been around eleven and Proctor would have been in his sixties. The play, written in 1953, was in response to Senator McCarthy and the ‘House Un-American Activities Committee's’ crusade against supposed communist sympathisers, in which Miller became embroiled. When he testified in front of a congressional committee in 1956 he refused to reveal any names and so was held in contempt. The decision was overturned two years later. One of Miller's most powerful devices in the play is his use of irony: dramatic, verbal, and situational irony. Verbal irony is a figure of speech in which the speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says. One example of this is when John Proctor says ‘Good. Then her saintliness is done with’, mentioning Abigail. However, Proctor does not actually believe that Abigail is a saint. The affair makes her a sinner, because he is married to Elizabeth. However, he says this line because the rest of the town, and most importantly, the courts believe that she is believable and truthful. In effect, he tries to convince the court and the people of her â€Å"unsaintliness†, by bringing to their attention her sins, but to no avail; this is one of the most important circumstances which lead to his choosing to be executed. Another example has Proctor telling his wife ‘It’s winter in here yet.’ However, it is actually spring, as in the same dialogue he asks her to go walking in the field with him so that they may pick flowers and bring them into their home. Proctor really means to tell his wife that their home is cold, that there is no sign of love. He believes that when his wife fills the home with warmth and love, he is forgiven for his sin of lechery, and only then can he continue normally with his life. By using this type of irony, Miller’s characters indirectly bring something to our attention, which could not otherwise be done. Situational irony is a discrepancy between what we expect and what occurs. This is the second type of irony used in the play.

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management Essay

Introduction Sales promotion is the offer of an incentive to induce a desired sales result (Gilbert, 1999). For our purposes promotional techniques, within UK supermarkets, have been taken to be â€Å"value increasing† promotions (i. e. coupons and price deals) and â€Å"value adding† (i. e. premiums, prizes/contests/sweepstakes, samples, point of purchase display, demonstration and loyalty cards). Sales promotion consists of a wide variety of short-term tactical promotional tools aimed at generating a desired response from customers. Although there is a shift in marketing communications, away from advertising towards sales promotions, there is no consensus among researchers that sales promotions lead to repeat purchase. It is agreed, however, that price promotions can result in a short-term increase in sales (Smith and Sinha, 2000; Banks and Moorthy, 1999; Kopalle and Mela, 1999; Diamond, 1992; Gupta and Cooper, 1992; Bawa and Shoemaker, 1987). It is also important to note that studies of price promotions also show that customers who take advantage of a price promotion often return to their favourite brands (Ehrenberg et al. 1994; Brandweek, 1994). There is a large body of literature, which has examined consumer response to sales promotions, especially coupons (Krishna and Zhang, 1999; Huff and Alden, 1998; Leone and Srinivasan, 1996; Bawa and Shoemaker, 1987, 1989; Gupta, 1988, 1993; Blattberg and Neslin, 1990). Coupons and discounts are the most widely used promotional tools. However, relatively little research has focussed on value adding promotions. In coupon promotions retailers maintain the original price of the product and it is only coupon holders who are entitled to a discount. As buyers are not subject to a reduction in sales price there is no need for them to adjust their internal reference prices downwards, as is the case with discount promotions. Therefore, coupon promotions should be more attractive than discount promotions in improving the transaction value of the product. However, consumers must keep track of the coupons and produce them at the place of purchase. If consumers are used to utilising coupons then they are likely to have a more positive attitude towards them (Huff and Alden, 1998). Also, if a The authors D. C. Gilbert is Professor of Marketing and N. Jackaria is a Researcher, both at Surrey European Management School, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. Keywords Sales promotion, Retail trade, Food industry, Marketing Abstract UK supermarkets need to be able to assess the current efficacy of the budget they allocate to promotional activities aimed at boosting sales. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to investigate consumer response to the four different promotional deals most commonly used in UK supermarkets: coupons, price discounts, samples and â€Å"buy-one-get-one-free†. Multi discriminant analysis was used on a study of 160 respondents to analyse whether there was an association between the four consumer promotional approaches and respondents’ reported buying behaviour. The findings indicate that only price discount promotions proved to be statistically significant on consumer’s reported buying behaviour. Purchase acceleration and product trial are found to be the two most influential variables related to a discount. For â€Å"buy-one-get-one-free†, while the result is not significant, the two variables, brand switching and purchase acceleration are statistically significant.

Romeo and Juliet v. West Side Story

When Pyramus and Thisbe first went on their rendezvous in the woods, they never would have imagined that they would be the template on which many romantic stories are built. The story of the ill-fated lovers, as told in the Metamorphosis by Ovid, is one that has stood the test of time and became the story authors like William Shakespeare, song writers like Bethany Cosentino and directors like Jerome Robbins have used to express forbidden love, misunderstanding and loss. These elements of story have resonated over the ages with audiences due to our desire to love and be oved so much that we would do the most extreme things.Teenagers, especially, latch on to these story elements due to the inclusion of authority fgures who misunderstand their ability to have true, grown-up feelings (Flanagan). The story of Pyramus and Thisbe begins with two families sharing a wall in a duplex. One family has a daughter and one a son. Both are forbidden to see each other, but as most teen-agers do, they find a way around their parents. Through a crack in the wall too small to even fit their lips, the two best looking people in all of Babylon confess their love.Unable to wait for their parents to give consent, the two decide on a time and place to meet, in the woods, near the mulberry bush with white flowers. Thisbe arrived before Pyramus and while waiting spotted a lioness fresh from the hunt with blood dripping from her teeth and gums. Frightened, she ran away to the nearest cave and in the process, lost her shawl where the lioness tore it to shreds. When Thisbe arrived seeing what seemed to be a horrible scene of his true love's viscous demise, he is overcome with guilt. If only he had arrived sooner.If only he had been there to protect his Thisbe. To punish himself, Pyramus thrusts his dagger into his gut and bleeds to death. Thisbe, feeling brave, came out of the cave to find her lover. In seeking him she finds him dead by his own hand. Thisbe is distraught at a life lived wit hout him and plunges the knife into her heart and dies by his side. Both of their thick, red blood poured onto the roots of the mulberry bush, turning the flowers from white to red, which is how they are still today. The last line of the poem states that â€Å"The gods and parents heard her prayer, and they were stirred. Ovid)† suggesting that both parents were made aware of the death of their hildren and are stirred in their hearts. If only they had allowed the ill-fated loves to be together, they would still be alive. William Shakespeare took the poem of Pyramus and Thisbe and built on it to create Romeo and Juliet, the quintessential love story upon which so many others are copied. Romeo and Juliet come from warring families, the Capulets and Montegues. For years these families have fought and brought discord to the sweet town of Verona. Just as Pyramus and Thisbe, the children of these feuding families would not be allowed to be together.They meet by chance at a masquerad e ball hosted by the arents of Juliet, the Capulets. Romeo and his friends were looking to crash the party and shake up the evening a bit. Romeo is out of sorts because he has had a dream where something goes very wrong and he cannot figure out what it is. When Romeo instantly in love. There is a bit of concern when they first discover the true identity of the other, but a whispering on a balcony dulls that concern and they only want to be together, no matter what. Romeo and Juliet are married in secret, figuring that in time their parents will be fine with it. That does not turn out to be the case.Romeo is anished and Juliet is set to marry another. With a little help from the conniving priest, Juliet sends Romeo a letter explaining that she is going to take a poison that makes it look like she is dead when she is really only sleeping. As it always is with ill- fated lovers, Romeo never gets the message. He is told that Juliet is dead and not knowing any better, he goes to her tomb to see for himself. There he kills himself so that he can be with his love for the eternities. When Juliet wakes from her death-like sleep and discovers Romeo dead by his own hand, she takes his dagger and kills herself as well.When both sets of parents learn the truth of their love and marriage and now their deaths, they are distraught. In similitude of the families of Pyramus and Thisbe, they are then condemned to live their lives with the knowledge that had they been more open-minded, their children would be alive and well. Like Romeo and Juliet, West Side Story is story about ill-fated lovers, misunderstanding and loss. West Side Story was a highly acclaimed musical that showed on Broadway in 1957 and was made into an award winning movie musical in 1961. The similarities between the play of Romeo and Juliet and the musical of WestSide Story are striking, but so are the differences. West Side Story is about two gangs in the streets of New York in the 1950's: the Jets and the Sha rks. The Sharks are Puerto Ricans, new to America and looking to make a home for themselves. The Jets are looking to keep their streets white and get the Sharks to leave. In the middle of these two warring factions are Maria, sister to Bernarndo, the head of the Sharks and Tony, best friend to Riff, the head of the Jets. Just like Romeo, Tony has a dream; however, Tony's dream is full of inspiration as e feels that the dream is telling him that something wonderful is on the horizon.Riff tries to get Tony to tell more about the dream, but Tony can only remember that he feels like something big is about to happen to him. On that note, Riff convinces Tony to go to a dance and maybe meet the girl of his dreams. Maria and Tony meet at that dance, Just like Romeo and Juliet. When they see each other, all the contention around them fades as they fall in love with each other at first sight. Instead of a balcony scene, the whisperings of love and future happiness happen on a New York City fi re escape.Maria and Tony keep their secret love to themselves until they can find the perfect time to tell their friends and family that they want to be together. Unfortunately, their hands are forced when a rumble between the Sharks and Jets gets out of hand. Tony promises Maria that he will go and stop the fighting, but when Riff is stabbed by Bernardo, Tony stabs Bernardo in a fit of rage killing the brother of his love. At first Maria is angry and does not understand the event, but eventually she tells Tony to not turn himself in and they will run away together.Tony goes to the soda shop to ide from the Sharks and to wait for Maria to meet him at the bus stop. Maria is detained from leaving for the bus stop by one of the local beat cops. She asks her friend, Bernardo's girlfriend, to get a message to Tony. Anita does not want shop. The Jets are at the soda shop getting ready for more fghting with the Sharks when Anita shows up. She tries to get to see Tony, but the Jets won't le t her through. They treat her very badly and out of frustration she tells them to tell Tony that Maria is dead, killed by one of the Sharks in retaliation for her involvement with Tony.When Tony hears that Maria is dead, he is so distraught he goes looking for a fight hoping that one of the Sharks will kill him. He finds Geno, the boy that was arranged to marry Maria by her brother, and taunt him until he finally shoots Tony. Just as Tony grabs for his abdomen, he sees Maria and knows that she is alive. He is relieved to know that she is alive and dies in her arms. Maria, blames the death of her true love on the hatred of the two gangs, Just as parents of Romeo and Juliet and Pyramus and Thisbe are to blame for the deaths of their children, due to their hatred and closed-mindedness.These stories set the stage for so many more. Stories where the audience hopes that the others will realize the truth before it is too late. One such story is the move, â€Å"An Affair to Remember† directed by Leo McCarey and starring Cary Grant as Nickie Ferrante and Deborah Kerr as Terry McKay. This story has these two individuals meeting on a boat trip from Europe to New York in a time when that is how people traveled. They meet up several times on the ship and decide to disembark in Villefranche-sur-Mer to visit Nickle's grandmother. On this trip, Nickie realizes that he has very strong feelings for Terry.Unfortunately, both are already involved with other people. They decide that in 6 months they will meet at the top of the Empire State Building if they are each free of the current entanglements. Nickie waits for hours on the Empire State Building but Terry does not show. Disappointed and rejected, he leaves to continue his life without the woman he truly loves. Little does Nickie know, Terry, on her way to the meeting place, is hit by a car and badly injured. She is confined to a wheelchair. Not wanting anyone's pity, she does not contact Nickie to explain what happened .After some time both characters et back together with their ex's. At a chance meeting at the ballet, Nickie and Terry see each other, but he does not notice that she is unable to walk as she is seated in her seat. Sometime later, Nickie tracks down Terry and goes to visit her. She remains on the couch with her legs under a blanket. Nickie has no idea of what has happened to her. The audience is left wishing she would Just move the blanket and tell the truth so they can confess their love to each other. Luckily, Nickie notices a wheelchair in the bedroom along with a painting of his of the place where they met.He moves the blanket and realizes what has happened and they embrace, with Terry stating, â€Å"If you can paint, I can walk; anything can happen, don't you think (An Affair to remember)? † This story leaves the audience satisfied and happy. The song â€Å"Our Deal† by Best Coast also has the Romeo and Juliet theme of star- crossed lovers bent on destruction. The video, directed by Drew Barrymore, has warring gangs, the Day Trotter and the Night Creepers tagging up the streets of Los Angeles. A girl from the Night Creepers, Veronica, meets and falls in love with a boy from the Day Trotters, Lucky.They secretly steal away time to be together and confess their love. A gang fght leaves the Night Creepers beat up and a rumble to retaliate is away with her. In response, he spray paints on a wall, â€Å"l Can't†¦ (Best Coast – Our Deal video)† Lucky goes behind the corner of the wall and Veronica runs away. When they meet again it is at the rumble. Angry and hurt, Veronica punches Lucky in the face causing him to lose his balance and fall off the roof of a building down do his certain death. Upon seeing what she has done, Veronica runs down to him. She looks up and see the rest of the message tagged on the wall, â€Å"†¦ it to spend the rest of my life with you (Our Deal)† Veronica, crying looks down at Lucky only t o see him die in her arms. We can see how these stories connect through the commonality of love, loss and misunderstanding. Pyramus misunderstands the bloody shawl and assumes his love is dead and so kills himself. Romeo, having not received Juliet's message, misunderstands the death-like sleep of his true love and kills himself, which in turn, causes Juliet to kill herself. Tony, after receiving the wrong message about Maria, goes out looking for someone to kill him to relieve him of the pain of losing his lover.Likewise, Veronica accidentally kills her love, Lucky, after misunderstanding his message. The only difference in the stories presented here is the one of Nickie and Terry, where misunderstanding and lack of information causes Nickie to come to the wrong conclusion about Terrys absence on the Empire State Building, but in the end of the film, they resolve the issue and assume a happy ending. One would argue that these elements of love, loss and misunderstanding resonate ove r the years with audiences because we can all relate to these feelings.Teenagers, specially, can relate to a love that seems so overwhelming because it is the focus of much of adolescent life (Appleton). The inclusion of forces like parents or friends preventing that love is also one that teenagers can relate with. Many teenagers feel that the only purpose of an adult or authority fgure is to thwart their happiness. This component makes it easy to blame the parents in both Pyramus and Thisbe and Romeo and Juliet. When we do not receive a happy ending, we want to place that blame on someone and who better to place that on than the friends and family who prevented the love from flourishing?

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