Report for Ergonomic-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Compose a Report for Ergonomic Solutions for Arthritic Workers. Answer: Presentation: The report is set up to be introduced to the top managerial staff of Amazing Suppliers that has been presenting change in work move of their distribution center staffs. Stunning Suppliers is a huge association that provisions wide scope of merchandise that they sell it through online channel. Since the interest of items sold is very high, it has been concluded that in certain zones. Twenty hour of working would be presented and this move framework would be significantly affecting distribution center staffs. Report means to dissect the effect of broadened, additional time and long working hours and difficulties looked by association. Twenty four working hours for the stockroom staffs would unfavorably influencing the wellbeing and prosperity of representatives. Long working hours are conceivably hazardous to wellbeing of laborers. Long working hours accompanies the test and danger of word related ailment and wounds. Difficulties can be confronted identifying with work life equalizatio n and laborers may confront mental issues because of since a long time ago broadened working hours. They would confront changes dozing and eating stage. Another issue is looked as far as wastefulness in the exhibition of laborers because of interruption of circadian beat joined with weakness and rest shortage. Association would have lower effectiveness of execution for distribution center staffs. Long working movement would case long haul impacts concerning wellbeing and higher social and financial expense for both association and society all in all (Broberg and Hall-Andersen 2014). On other hand, twelve hour working movement can be tiring for regulatory staffs. In any case, it doesn't accompanies a few difficulties as it joins an even outstanding tasks at hand and continuous rest stops. Discoveries: From the above conversation, it is determined that all-encompassing working hours accompanies a few medical problems looked by representatives. Weakness is one of the basic whine among the laborers who are working for anomalous hours. It is perceptible after the night move of laborers and least on the evening shift. This specific issue looked by laborers is to some degree hard to gauge Secondly, it will bring down effective execution of representatives because of long haul sway on wellbeing. In this specific segment, the use of idea of ergonomics is examined comparable to challenges looked because of move in working hours. Another issue that is looked by laborers is that twenty hour working movement has an important mediate with family and public activity. This would bring about psychosomatic issue and mental pressure. Extraordinary troubles would be looked by distribution center staff of association in brushing working and social occasions (Haslam and Waterson 2013). According to mu ltifaceted nature of individual obligations, family time, coordination of laborers with family time table will get troublesome. Ergonomics or factor of human application have been found out to emphatically influence the presentation of laborers, fulfillment and wellbeing and security of laborers. This would affect the general execution of association in both immediate and roundabout way. Ergonomics is a logical methodology that is identified with the comprehension of connection among human and different components of a framework. Association rehearsing ergonomics adds to assessment and planning of assignments occupations, condition, framework and items so it is good with the capacities, needs and restriction of individuals. Usage of rules of ergonomics would help in limiting the antagonistic effect of progress in moving timetables and prompting better spot for working (Hignett et al. 2013). The calendar of moving is required to be structured as per ergonomic standards. From the conversation of this specific segment, it is surmised that association experiences issues in estimating issues, for example, weakness. Weakness that are caused to laborers because of long hour of works can be measures utilizing a few strategies or apparatuses of investigation, for example, Cognitive testing, multi dormancy test and Epworth Sleepiness scale. It would help in limiting the unfriendly effects of move plan by restricting the effects, diminishing the pressure, keeping away from continuous number of delayed night shifts, limiting collection of rest shortages, circadian disturbance and weakness. Abundance of successive working days and delayed working hours are associated with expanded danger of ergonomics related wounds. Ergonomics issues is related with lack of sleep and lost workdays because of this ceaseless work move. Lack of sleep may prompt harm as far as tendon, muscle and ligament injury. This prompts expanded danger of ergonomic wounds. It has been found f rom past research that twelve hour working movement isn't viewed as characteristically harming wellbeing and representatives and they are not viewed as perilous for workers wellbeing. Abundance working hours is carried wounds because of inadmissible recreation time (Franssila et al. 2016). A portion of the rules as indicated by ergonomics for planning the moving framework are as per the following: Gradually pivoting framework isn't viewed as better contrasted with rapidly turning moving framework as they help with limiting the combined rest shortfall degree and have less obstruction with circadian rhythms (Young et al. 2015). Perpetual night move of twenty four hour move is allowed distinctly for distribution center staffs and they ought to be ensured with most elevated level of security by making total change in accordance with night work plan. Professional ached working shift should be considered when there is appropriateness in the outstanding burden and laborers ought to be furnish with adequate rest. Move framework is structured so that helps in limiting the presentation to poisonous substances and exhaustion aggregation. So as to meet inclinations and requirements of laborers, association should advance adaptable working course of action. For decrease of truncation of rest, association ought to maintain a strategic distance from ambitious start of morning shift and therefore the decrease of danger of mistakes and weakness. The moving framework soul be normal and free end of the week ought to be ensured and this would help distribution center staffs in helpfully making the most of their recreation and social time. There ought to be clockwise pivot as it is corresponding to endogenous circadian mood and it helps in staying away from snappy changeovers and prompting quick recuperation by permitting longer rest periods. The equalization in work life for representatives working in association is putting expanded significance in ergonomics. This idea think about representing the two decent varieties among people and gathering of laborers. There are numerous successful rules for imparting practice of ergonomics inside the workplace. Improvement in usage of ergonomics will help in lessening the hazard identified with injury of occupation. Practice of ergonomics furnish with positive advantages, for example, improved wellbeing and keeping laborers solid (Martin et al. 2013). Presently, talking about the ideas of ergonomics according to bring down specialist effectiveness. It is done as far as expanded efficiency coming about because of expanding adequacy of laborers or distribution center and managerial staffs. Laborers can achieve their errands effectively when they have more vitality and feel more grounded in nature where they are working. Positive ergonomic strategies is utilized by association is foundation of decides that helps in encouraging strength of representatives (Yang et al. 2015). Dangers of representative wounds and medical problems can be decreased by Amazing Suppliers by sticking to the standards of ergonomics. Profitability among distribution center and authoritative staffs of association will be improved by selecting best ergonomic arrangement. Workstation will be made progressively proficient by planning work in great stance and better statures and scopes. Solace level of workers is extensively impacted by the workplace ergonomics. Us e of this idea helps in structuring work so that work is more secure and proficient (Falzon 2014). Laborers and staffs of Amazing Suppliers would have expanded profitability and would feel the solace in performing employments by actualizing arrangement of ergonomics. Estimating of different medical problems looked by representatives because of long working hours: Epworth drowsiness scale-It is a self-rating scale on eight things and aides in surveying the probability of workers of falling rest. The probability of nodding off is appraised on scale extending from 0 to 3. 3 shows high possibility of nodding off and 0 demonstrates zero chance of nodding off. More prominent rest penchant is reflected by higher scores and all out score ranges from 0 to 24. Workers grumbling over the top day time drowsiness would score 12 or higher. Along these lines, Amazing Suppliers can the measure the weakness of representatives (Walker et al. 2017). Multi dormancy test-Multi inactivity test is a device of diagnosing rest issue. This specific device is utilized in estimating rest dormancy that is time passed from the beginning of rest during day time to the main indication of rest. The possibility that shapes the premise of rest is that individuals will snoozing quicker when they are feeling lethargic. This test is utilized for making qualification between extreme day time drowsiness and physical sluggishness. This test is applied in workplace for evaluating the availability of individual to nod off in a helpful setting. Multi dormancy test helps in estimating the weakness level of representatives (Hanson 2013). Intellectual testing techniques Cognitive testing is a mental testing that helps in assessment of useful limit of an individual representatives. This specific testing depends on estimating execution of assignments for surveying psychological working and this prompts seriousness of subjective disability foundation. It is the essential route for building up seriousness of psychological hindrance (Dekker et al. 2013). Work of the considerable number of proportions of testing would help association in assessing the effect of the moving hours on prosperity and per

Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet free essay sample

Science of Microorganisms to address the accompanying inquiries. [pic] Adapted from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by Islands in the Sea, 2002. Answer the accompanying in 100 to 200 words every: 1. What does this image speak to? What exactly is the zone around the plates relative? This image speaks to an antimicrobial specialist powerlessness examine by utilizing the plate dispersion procedure. The test gauges the antimicrobial movement, by deciding the littlest measure of specialist important to hinder the development of a particular test life form, this worth is the base inhibitory focus (MIC). The MIC communicates the most minimal convergence of specialist that totally hinders the development of the test life form (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,â Clark, 2012). The regions around the circles are the zone of hindrance, which are â€Å"proportional to the measure of antimicrobial specialist added to the plate, the dissolvability of the operator, the dispersion coefficient, and the general adequacy of the agent† (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,â Clark, 2012, p. We will compose a custom paper test on Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 763). 2. Which letter circle has the least powerful anti-microbial? Why? Which has the most? How would you know? Letter F plate has the least strong anti-microbial in light of the fact that the zone of hindrance is absent with shows that the antimicrobial specialist isn't an emotional inhibitor of the test living being. Letter D plate has the best powerful anti-microbial on the grounds that the specialist is a significant full of feeling inhibitor of the test life form. This specialist makes a relatively huge zone of hindrance, which is more prominent than other test operators are. 3. Allude to Figure 26. 10 of Brock Biology of Microorganisms. What has occurred in the base inhibitory focus tube? Roughly, what is the bacterial fixation in that tube? In the base inhibitory focus tube, the specialist hinders the development of the test life form. This degree of hindrance changes with specific components to incorporate the hatching conditions, culture medium, test life form, brooding time, and structure of the way of life.

Livin la Vida Española (Pt. 2)

Livin’ la Vida Española (Pt. 2) TEN REASONS Why I Fell in Love With Madrid: 10. I love the Metro system in Madrid. Puts the T to shame. 9. I love the Starbucks employee who would always give me free muffins just because Im Taiwanese and I try to (somewhat) speak Spanish. 8. I love the random Chinese conversations that I have on the Metro with Chinese emigrants to the city. 7. I love the 75 degree afternoons. 6. I love the 18 year old drinking age. And the fact that wine in Spain is not just an excuse for people to get wasted. 5. I love how lunch is at 2, and dinner is at 9. 4. I love how the stores are always open at night. 3. I love Spanish food. Paella. Cocido. Fried artichokes. 2. I love my Spanish family in Madrid. 1. I love Madrid just because of the way it is. My Last Two Weeks in Spain, and Thoughts: Doing a study abroad is kind of like matchmaking. For one month (or semesters in a real study abroad), youre paired with a family, a city, and an environment that you have little to no idea about. During the remainder of your time there, you figure out when the Metro comes, you find out which shop has the best churros con chocolate, and slowly, paso a paso, you adjust to the lifestyle. I spent the eleven days between my last final and January 3 in Taiwan and then right after, I came back to MIT in anticipation to leave for Spain (after spending one night in my dorm). I must admit, on the night of January 3 (I left for Spain on January 4), I had no idea what I should expect about my stay in Spain. On a whim, I youtubed Madrid and started looking at the videos that came up trying to formulate some expectations about the city that I would be spending a month in. Most of the videos showed some elegant parks (like Parque del Buen Retiro Madrids most famous park), forbidding edifices (like Palacio Real the largest palace in Europe), or distinguished museums (like Museo del Prado best known for its collection of paintings) but of course, I knew what none of them were called at that time. I could hardly contain my excitement as I stepped off the airplane at Amsterdam. For me, this was my first time in Europe, and I was eager to see what Europe was like (well, okay, the airport is not exactly the best representation of Europe =p). I browsed the duty-free shops, and thought about Spain and also the Spanish class I would be taking (!! Dont forget that it wasnt a complete 100% vacation =p). For me, I havent done Spanish classes since the first semester of senior year, and to be honest, my high school Spanish class wasnt of the greatest calibre either. What would I think about the Spanish instruction at MIT? What would 4 weeks of intensive language classes be like? When we (me and another girl from my program that I met on the airplane) finally got to Madrid, we could not find our contact (who was supposed to give us directions on getting to our respective houses), so we wandered in the airport reception hall for an hour or so (we eventually ended up finding him, though). After the instructions and whatnot, I finally set off towards my house. The house wasnt hard to find (once you figure out how Spanish addresses are written for example: C/ Santa María 67 4 Izq would mean 67, Santa Maria St., Fourth Floor on the Left also! in Spain, what we consider to be the first floor is actually called planta baja (ground floor) and their primera planta (first floor) is actually our second floor). With some nervousness, I rung the doorbell to the apartment and the caretaker came and asked me what I wanted. With (really bad) Spanish, I explained who I was looking for, and he directed me upstairs. Now, with A LOT MORE nervousness, I rung the doorbell to the house, and waited for a response. For ten minutes, no one responded, and I started wondering whether I had the wrong address. After triple-checking, I was completely sure that I was right, and my host was just not at home. Great. I have a 35-pound suitcase with me and I wasnt going to sit here waiting the whole night for him to come back! I have to drop off my suitcase here and then come back later, once I know what the deal is with my host. Then the problem came. How the heck am I supposed to explain that I need to drop off my suitcase here and I will come back at night to the caretaker of the apartment?! (Remember, at this point, my Spanish was atrocious from lack of practice). I started formulating a draft of what I was going to say (which resembled more like a string of disconnected words rather than coherent sentences) to the caretaker, and proceeded downstairs. After gesturing a lot (I didnt know what the word for luggage was), the caretaker somewhat understood my dilemma, and told me that he would only hold on to my luggage until 9, when he got off work (I dont know how I understood all this, with my severely limited language skills in the beginning. But then again, during my month in Spain, I discovered that I had a knack of getting the big picture of what someone is saying, even though I might not understand every word =p). I found my profesor for the course, Ricardo, afterwards and asked him for help. He called my host, and (after a 30-minute discussion), found out that my host wouldnt be able to take me until next Monday (this was Saturday night) because the agency didnt tell him that I would be coming this early. Thus, I ended up spending two nights in Ricardos flat (which didnt have hot water nor heating) with another student who was also homeless. Despite the initial mishaps, I successfully moved in to my hosts house on Monday night. With a cheerful grin, he introduced himself as Arturo and showed me my room, in his tiny (but typical) Spanish flat. Espero que te gustes el pollo! (I hope you like chicken!) with that, he disappeared into his kitchen, and emerged carrying out some stewed chicken that he had prepared for me. With that, my journey in Spain began. Over the next month, I would come to know his family, his interests, and basically his life. Having grown up completely in Madrid, Arturo had only left the country a handful of times. However, boasting a CD collection in the scale of thousands, he claims that he had traveled the world through music. His grandmother, who is currently 92 and had lived through World War I, World War II, and the Spanish Civil War, still hums to the rhythm of Iberian waltzes that she heard as a young woman. His cousin (who lives with his grandmother, in another apartment apart from Arturo) is young, energetic, has two kids, and makes the best pollo con cebollas for your life. Each night, after Arturo came home from his Zen meditation at 10:30, we would have dinner in his small flat, which often consisted of rice stewed with various vegetables, some meats, chorizos, mixed salad (which sounds and is really simple, but the way he makes it tastes amazing with olive oil and salt), raisins and wine. Yes, always, raisins and wine. Over dinner (which always somehow tend to last 2 hours), we would talk about everything, from his job (telephone operator and volunteer for civil rights) to Spanish politics (as my vocabulary got progressively better). As the days progressed, I started really relishing these nights we spent together, just talking about life over a food. Its so down-to-earth, so family-like, soSpanish. Taking a language class abroad is also an experience in itself. The IAP Spanish II class meets everyday from 10 AM to 1 PM, and we go over a semesters worth of material in 4 weeks. This equals roughly two chapters in the textbook every week, about twenty vocabulary words everyday, and a major exam every Friday. Of course, I am still on Pass/No Record, so there goes my motivation. But, being entirely immersed in Spain does help though I think I learned more about vocabulary and general speaking skills from talking to Arturo and going to different restaurants than from the class itself. It is really neat that I would be learning the vocabulary for relationships in class, and I would be using the same vocabulary to talk to Arturo about his social life the same night. =p But then again, like matchmaking, not everyone was completely happy about their matches. I feel, in a large part, that the satisfaction of this study-abroad was based, significantly, by peoples happiness with their host families. There were host families who did not have hot water there were families who never talked to their host students and there were host families who posted long list of rules that the students had to follow. I was really fortunate to have found a family that I established a lasting connection with, a house that I can call home in Spain. :) On my way to the Madrid airport yesterday, I unfolded the Metro map that I received on my very first day in Madrid. Its still the same map, but is now wrinkled and crinkly from all the creases of travel. Gazing at the names of the subway stops, I marvel at how much Ive gotten to known Madrid. I know I am going to miss Spain. Well, this had been an amazing IAP, and its back to the firehose after Reg Day tomorrow! (Next IAP Preview: Im hoping to take D-Lab next term (Fall 2008), which would most probably involve a project overseas next IAP, so perhaps Ill be gone from MIT my sophomore IAP as well! Hmmm. =p)

How to Make Glow In the Dark Ink

These are instructions for making glow in the dark ink. However, the instructions are presented as a curiosity or for information only, not for use except as a demonstration. Phosphorus burns on exposure to air and is very poisonous (~50 mg fatal dose). However,  the ink is safer than most radioactive versions. What You Need 1 oz oil of cinnamon1/4 oz phosphorusbottle with caphot water bath How To Make Glow in the Dark Ink Combine the oil of cinnamon and phosphorus in a small bottle.Cap the bottle and place it in a hot water bath.Heat the bottle until the ingredients have melted together. Phosphorus will not dissolve in water, but other oils may be substituted for the oil of cinnamon.While this ink may be suitable for a chemistry lab demonstration, it is not something the average person should attempt to make or use. Tips for Glowing Success Phosphorus is essential for human nutrition, yet is highly toxic beyond a certain dose.White phosphorus will convert to red phosphorus when exposed to sunlight or heated in its own vapor. While white phosphorus oxidizes to produce a greenish glow, red phosphorus will not.Phosphorus will burn spontaneously in air and cause severe burns if it comes in contact with skin.There are many forms (allotropes) of phosphorus, including white or yellow, red, and black or violet.Cinnamon oil is irritating to the skin and harmful if swallowed in pure form.

W.B. Yeats Poetry Essay - 2306 Words

W.B. Yeats Poetry Many literary critics have observed that over the course of W. B. Yeats’ poetic career, readers can perceive a distinct change in the style of his writing. Most notably, he appears to adopt a far more cynical tone in the poems he generated in the later half of his life than in his earlier pastoral works. This somewhat depressing trend is often attributed to the fact that he is simply becoming more conservative and pessimistic in his declining years, but in truth it represents a far more significant change in his life. Throughout Yeats’ career, the poet is constantly trying to determine exactly what inspires him; early on, in such poems as â€Å"The Lake Isle of Innisfree† and â€Å"The Wild Swans at Coole,† Yeats obviously†¦show more content†¦Using slow-moving gentle lines, the poet infuses the poem itself with tranquility. The scene depicted and language used are both purely pastoral, and he simply tries to describe to his reader the fact th at nature is always with him, always providing inspiration and peace of mind in his somewhat chaotic life. In order to best portray the setting, Yeats repeatedly employs natural language and objects, even in the title itself (â€Å"Lake Isle†). His â€Å"small cabin ... of clay and wattles made† (3) and â€Å"Nine bean-rows† (4) conjure forth echoes of Walden Pond, where Thoreau set out to get in touch with nature and live the simple life, just as Yeats advocates doing now. And just as Thoreau before him, Yeats seeks a place of peace and tranquility that is untainted by the chaotic mess of civilization where he can focus on pure art. However, Yeats breaks from his predecessor’s ideal in that he has not moved off to live this life yet; he constantly reminds the reader of this by his repeated use of the phrase â€Å"I will arise and go now† (1 and 9). Instead, he claims that he already holds this place in his heart, and thus he can â€Å"always night and day / ... hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore† (9-10). Although he doesn’t have his little cabin yet, it still provides him with poetic inspiration, even as he lives in the modern city separated from all thisShow MoreRelated The Poetry of W.B. Yeats Essay examples2304 Words   |  10 PagesW.B. Yeats, a key figure of the modernist movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was born in Dublin in 1865. Although spending much of his childhood and youth in London, Yeats is seen as an inherently Irish literary figure. Through his early work, employing not only ancient Greek myth, but also Celtic legend, he sought to re-ignite in Ireland notions of heritage and tradition, which had diminished through the years. In Ireland, from around 1890 onwards, there was a very noticeableRead More W.B. 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He, like many other authors, incorporated the events that occurred during his life into his work. This important factor of the time period is clearly reflected in his work, â€Å"The Second Coming.† The critical consensus regarding the poem â€Å"The Second

Jairo Morales Homwork Free Essays

Lu is the person who handles looks after loan applications. 5 Mailman has announced that it will be intro icing _bringing out a new online payment system in the fall. 6 Can you check _ look up the bank reference code in the directory? 7 The government has decided to advance bring forward the date for submitting tax returns. We will write a custom essay sample on Jairo Morales Homwork or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 The bank has refused _turned down my application for a loan. 9 The exact conditions are explained set out in detail in the contract. 10 You need to provide proof of identify before you an open _set up an account. C Choose two of the verbs from the list below. How many phrasal verbs can you make by combining them with the prepositions or adverbs from box 2? Check come cut fall get go look make pay put run settle Check out/ up fall down/ out Grammar Check 2 A The modals can, could, might, may, should, will, and shall are used to express different degrees of likelihood. Look at their use in the sentences below. In which of the three categories (a, b, or c) would you include them? A Possible b Impossible c Certain Customers can’t withdraw more than $300 a day in cash. B 2 It can take at least a month before a home loan is approved. _a 3 The insurance company will charge you for the whole year even if you don’t deice to cancel after the first month. _ c 4 To cash a check for more than $200, clients may be asked to provide ID. _a 5 It could be difficult to get your associates to agree to those conditions. A _ 6 We shall need written confirmation Of the transfer request. _c 7 You might find it more convenient to do your banking by phone. A_ 8 The bank won’t cover overdrafts beyond the specified limit. C B Read the sentences and choose the correct answer (a or b). 1 It b take longer than two days to process your applications. A couldn’t B shouldn’t lend you an additional $ 1000 if you maintain your credit record. A can B won’t 3 They’ve promised that all the paperwork a _ be ready before next week. A will B may 4 It be better to ask if you can repay the money in installments. A might shall 5 I’m afraid that we _ a accept payment in cash. A can’t B mightn’t 6 The local bank closes at six so B should Conclusion: be able to get there in time. A can Being weak in grammar poses a great challenge to ourselves, especially while writing and speaking. This often becomes a major problem. Nowadays most communication is through writing, be it courtesy mails, proposals, invoices, quotations, or invites. People who are into advancing their careers, their businesses, and those on the lookout for personal enrichment have no choice but to polish their grammar, especially the tenses. This will ensure the communication gets understood correctly and avoid misunderstandings. How to cite Jairo Morales Homwork, Papers

Jairo Morales Homwork Free Essays

Lu is the person who handles looks after loan applications. 5 Mailman has announced that it will be intro icing _bringing out a new online payment system in the fall. 6 Can you check _ look up the bank reference code in the directory? 7 The government has decided to advance bring forward the date for submitting tax returns. We will write a custom essay sample on Jairo Morales Homwork or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 The bank has refused _turned down my application for a loan. 9 The exact conditions are explained set out in detail in the contract. 10 You need to provide proof of identify before you an open _set up an account. C Choose two of the verbs from the list below. How many phrasal verbs can you make by combining them with the prepositions or adverbs from box 2? Check come cut fall get go look make pay put run settle Check out/ up fall down/ out Grammar Check 2 A The modals can, could, might, may, should, will, and shall are used to express different degrees of likelihood. Look at their use in the sentences below. In which of the three categories (a, b, or c) would you include them? A Possible b Impossible c Certain Customers can’t withdraw more than $300 a day in cash. B 2 It can take at least a month before a home loan is approved. _a 3 The insurance company will charge you for the whole year even if you don’t deice to cancel after the first month. _ c 4 To cash a check for more than $200, clients may be asked to provide ID. _a 5 It could be difficult to get your associates to agree to those conditions. A _ 6 We shall need written confirmation Of the transfer request. _c 7 You might find it more convenient to do your banking by phone. A_ 8 The bank won’t cover overdrafts beyond the specified limit. C B Read the sentences and choose the correct answer (a or b). 1 It b take longer than two days to process your applications. A couldn’t B shouldn’t lend you an additional $ 1000 if you maintain your credit record. A can B won’t 3 They’ve promised that all the paperwork a _ be ready before next week. A will B may 4 It be better to ask if you can repay the money in installments. A might shall 5 I’m afraid that we _ a accept payment in cash. A can’t B mightn’t 6 The local bank closes at six so B should Conclusion: be able to get there in time. A can Being weak in grammar poses a great challenge to ourselves, especially while writing and speaking. This often becomes a major problem. Nowadays most communication is through writing, be it courtesy mails, proposals, invoices, quotations, or invites. People who are into advancing their careers, their businesses, and those on the lookout for personal enrichment have no choice but to polish their grammar, especially the tenses. This will ensure the communication gets understood correctly and avoid misunderstandings. How to cite Jairo Morales Homwork, Papers

Ulysses S. Grant (1125 words) Essay Example For Students

Ulysses S. Grant (1125 words) Essay Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant was an American general and 18th president of the U.S. Grant was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, on April 27, 1822, the son of Hannah Simpson and Jesse Grant, the owner of a tannery. Taken to nearby Georgetown at the age of one, he was educated in local and boarding schools. In 1839, under the name of Ulysses Simpson instead of his original Hiram Ulysses, he was appointed to West Point. Graduating 21st in a class of 39 in 1843, he was assigned to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. There he met Julia Dent, a local planters daughter, whom he married after the Mexican War. During the Mexican War, Grant served under both General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott and distinguished himself, particularly at Molina del Rey and Chapultepec. We will write a custom essay on Ulysses S. Grant (1125 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After his return and tours of duty in the North, he was sent to the Far West. In 1854, while stationed at Fort Humboldt, California, ?Grant resigned his commission because of loneliness and drinking problems, and in the following years he engaged in generally unsuccessful farming and business ventures in Missouri.?(Grant Moves South, 18) He moved to Galena, Illinois, in 1860, where he became a clerk in his fathers leather store. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Grant was appointed colonel, and soon afterward brigadier general, of the Illinois Volunteers, and in September 1861 he seized Paducah, Kentucky. After an indecisive raid on Belmont, Missouri, he gained fame when in February 1862, in conjunction with the navy; he succeeded in reducing Forts Henry and Donelson, Tennessee, forcing General Simon B. Buckner to accept unconditional surrender. The Confederates surprised Grant at Shiloh, but he held his ground and then moved on to Corinth. In 1863 he established his reputation as a strategist in the brilliant campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, which took place on July 4. After being appointed commander in the West, he defeated Braxton Bragg at Chattanooga. Grants victories made him so prominent that he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and in February 1864 was given command of all Union armies. Grants following campaigns revealed his determination to apply merciless pressure against the Confederacy by coordinating the Union armies and exploiting the economic strength of the North. While Grant accompanied the Army of the Potomac in its overland assault on Richmond, Virginia, General Benjamin F. Butler was to attack the city by water, General William T. Sherman to move into Georgia, and General Franz Sigel to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Despite the failure of Butler and Sigel and heavy losses at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor, Grant continued to press the drive against General Robert E. Lees army. After Shermans success in Georgia and the conquest of the Shenandoah Valley by General Philip H. Sheridan, Grant forced Lee to abandon Petersburg and Richmond and to surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9. As commander of the army, Grant soon became trapped in the struggles between President Andrew Johnson and Congress. Because of the presidents clear Pro-Southern tendencies, the general gradually moved closer to the radicals and cooperated with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in carrying out the congressional Reconstruction plan for the South. Grant accepted appointment as secretary ad interim after Johnsons dismissal of Stanton, but clashed violently with the president when the Senate ordered Stanton reinstated. Then, as the countrys best-known military leader, he became the Republican candidate for president in 1868 and defeated his Democratic rival, Horatio Seymour. Grants military experience ill prepared him for his new duties. .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c , .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .postImageUrl , .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c , .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c:hover , .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c:visited , .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c:active { border:0!important; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c:active , .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1434c1b5915271d6901c3ce702279d3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World War 2 Essay Faced with major problems of Reconstruction, civil service reform, and economic adjustment, he did not know how to choose proper advisers or to avoid the pitfalls of an age of corruption. Encouraged by the final restoration of all the Southern states to the Union, he honestly tried to carry out congressional Reconstruction, but in the long run was unable to sustain it. Irregularly trying to protect the rights of the freed slaves, he repeatedly intervened but could not prevent the reappearance of white supremacists in all but a few Southern states. Other problems were equally troublesome. In 1871 Grant appointed a civil service commission headed by George W. Curtis but because of the presidents increased trust in corrupt Republican machines, he was ill fitted to end the system whereby federal jobs were distributed as rewards for political loyalty. Moreover, his inexperience in economic matters and his unreasonable respect for wealth rendered him easy prey to scheming adventurers. Thus, in 1869 he was taken in by Jay Gould and James Fisk, in their attempt to corner the gold market, which he stopped only at the last moment. In 1872 rebel reformers, breaking with the administration by organizing the Liberal Republican party, nominated Horace Greeley, who also received the Democrats support, to challenge Grant for reelection. Although the president won easily, his second administration was tainted by many scandals, including the Credit Mobilier affair, in which Vice-President Schuyler Colfax and others were accused of taking bribes; the Whiskey Ring, in which Grants secretary schemed with a group of distillers to cheat the government of taxes; and the impeachment of Secretary of War William W. Belknap. ?All contributed to the failure of the administration. In addition, the Panic of 1873 resulted in widespread unemployment and the loss of the House of Representatives to the Democrats.?(Grant A Biography, 26) Only in foreign affairs did Grant have some success. He suffered an initial setback in the Senate, which refused to sanction his uncertain scheme to purchase Santo Domingo. Thereafter, however, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish established a distinguished record by settling outstanding difficulties with Great Britain with the Treaty of Washington in 1871, and keeping the country clear of the Cuban rebellion against Spain. After retiring from the presidency, Grant took a long trip around the world. Returning in 1879, he became an unsuccessful candidate for the presidential nomination, which went to James A. Garfield. In 1881 Grant moved to New York City, where he became a partner in the Wall Street firm of Grant and Ward; ?he was close to ruin when the company collapsed in 1884. ?(Ulysses S. Grant: A Politician, 45) To provide for his family, he wrote his memoirs while fighting cancer of the throat; he died at Mount Gregor, New York, on July 23, 1885. A military genius, Grant possessed the vision to see that modern warfare requires total application of military and economic strength and was thus able to lead the Union to victory. In civilian life, however, he was unable to provide the leadership necessary for a growing industrial nation, even though he always retained the affection of the American public.Biographies

Free Essays on Gay Marriages

Gay Marriages The essay on gay marriages discusses how gay relationships are harmful to those that are heterosexual. The essay mentions how gay marriages were legalized and how it caused an outburst. There are no facts pointing to how the gay relationships affect those that are heterosexual so I personally do not believe that is necessarily true. I believe gay marriages are just like any other marriage. This particular essay also mentions it is not the gay marriages that are corrupting those marriages that are between a man and a woman and that any marriage can fall apart for any reason. I believe marriages are between two people who are emotionally and physically attracted and connected to one another. America is known as the land of the free and this is how it should remain. It should remain as it is known because America is a country where religion, jobs, and freedom of speech are all legal and harmless. If two men or two women love each other and wan’t to be married until death do them part then let them be. I do not think anyone should be aloud to tell anyone else who and who they are not aloud to marry or live with. Gay marriages are perfectly ok by me and it is not as if the two homosexual lovers are making out in public or anything. So why be offended by it? Black and whites get married and produce children of a mixed race and yet still with all the racism in America there are not half as many complaints or any laws trying to stop that from happening. So what is wrong with society and what happened to the land of the free? Love is love I think. I am in love with my fiancà ©e as he is with me and I would adore getting married to him one day. If there was a law stating I could not marry him I would be in disbelief and I would cause uproar. I can only imagine and wonder what these homosexual couples are thinking. Hate crimes against gays are also a bigger problem than most think. Why can’t we leave them alone and let them l... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Free Essays on Gay Marriages I Now Pronounce You Man and Man The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure, and public health are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes â€Å"God†, their friends, and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits. Should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? Because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why neither the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has undergone many changes throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Gay Marriages We as a nation are clearly undecided on the issue of gay marriages. Presidential spokesman Scott McClellan said that thirty-eight states have passed legislation outlawing gay marriages. With other states debating on if they should or shouldn’t allow these couples to marry, it has left the homosexual community in an uncomfortable position. There are some people who think that gay people have no rights and should never be allowed to marry. On the other hand, some people believe that gay people are just like anyone else and should enjoy the same rights and privileges as heterosexuals do. In my opinion, the United States should allow gay couples to marry just like any other heterosexual couple. Gay people are disliked and looked down upon; everyone has their own reasons to dislike the idea of letting them get married. One of the main reasons is that the primary purpose of marriage is to reproduce. Because gay couples are unable to have children, they should not be allowed to marry. Evidently, gay couples know they are unable to have children; they have accepted it and might not want to ever have children. However, if they would like to have children of their own, they could always adopt. Doing this, would leave fewer children in foster homes and give them a chance to make something of themselves. Which would make more sense: letting child molesters marry or letting harmless homosexuals marry? Also, we permit the elderly and the sexually infertile to marry knowing that they will not be able to produce children. I think that homosexuals can make good parents, if not better parents than heterosexuals. Another main argument is that the word marriage means the union of one man and one woman. Under a proposed bill known as the Defense of Marriage Act, marriage is defined as â€Å"a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife.† Furthermore, it defines a spouse as â€Å"A person of the opposite sex who is ... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Part I: Throughout the contents of this paper, I will discuss the article dealing with the legalization of gay marriages in Massachusetts by Richard Cohen. I will begin my discussion by analyzing the article and providing a brief summary of the factual information presented in the text. In addition, I will present my opinion on the article along with corresponding information regarding this particular issue. In turn, I will present my personal beliefs on this topic and support them with other additional information to support my opinions. I will also present more details on the Massachusetts case that legalized gay marriages. This topic is important because this piece of legislation will effect every person and generation in the United States, homosexual or not. Part II: In this portion of my paper, I will summarize the article by Richard Cohen regarding the state of Massachusetts legalizing gay and lesbian marriages. Recently, the state of Massachusetts announced that the band on gay marriages would be lifted. Despite the fact that the majority leader of the House of Representatives Tom Delay is strongly against gay marriages, he may want to stand aside on this issue. Delay, who is known for his adamant concern regarding traditional marriage, needs to understand that not only is the institution of marriage wobbling and wheezing, it is desperately on the rocks. According to statistical research, twenty percent of first marriages do last more than five years, and if the marriage lasts a decade, one third end up in divorce. Married couples, who once dominated both life and television, have gone from a high 80 percent in the 1950?s to only half of American households today. If you look into an average home in the United States today, onl y one in four of those households are married with children, and a reported 86 million adults living in the country are unmarried. It is easy to see from these statistics that traditional marr... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Gay Marriages The essay on gay marriages discusses how gay relationships are harmful to those that are heterosexual. The essay mentions how gay marriages were legalized and how it caused an outburst. There are no facts pointing to how the gay relationships affect those that are heterosexual so I personally do not believe that is necessarily true. I believe gay marriages are just like any other marriage. This particular essay also mentions it is not the gay marriages that are corrupting those marriages that are between a man and a woman and that any marriage can fall apart for any reason. I believe marriages are between two people who are emotionally and physically attracted and connected to one another. America is known as the land of the free and this is how it should remain. It should remain as it is known because America is a country where religion, jobs, and freedom of speech are all legal and harmless. If two men or two women love each other and wan’t to be married until death do them part then let them be. I do not think anyone should be aloud to tell anyone else who and who they are not aloud to marry or live with. Gay marriages are perfectly ok by me and it is not as if the two homosexual lovers are making out in public or anything. So why be offended by it? Black and whites get married and produce children of a mixed race and yet still with all the racism in America there are not half as many complaints or any laws trying to stop that from happening. So what is wrong with society and what happened to the land of the free? Love is love I think. I am in love with my fiancà ©e as he is with me and I would adore getting married to him one day. If there was a law stating I could not marry him I would be in disbelief and I would cause uproar. I can only imagine and wonder what these homosexual couples are thinking. Hate crimes against gays are also a bigger problem than most think. Why can’t we leave them alone and let them l...

How to Get Your CDL in Montana and Ohio

How to Get Your CDL in Montana and Ohio If you live in Montana or Ohio, check this round up of state guidelines and see what you’ll need to do to be certified to drive safely behind the wheel of a commercial rig!  If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. MontanaThe following drivers must obtain a CDL:Class A CDLAny combination of vehicles with a GCWR (the loaded weight of a combination vehicle) of 26,001+ pounds, provided the GVWR(the loaded weight of a single vehicle)  of the vehicle(s) being towed is 10,000+ pounds.Class B CDLAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsAny vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds pulling a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.A single vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver), if the GVWR is 26,001+ pounds or more.Class C CDLAny vehicle with a GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds transporting hazardous mater ials for which placarding is requiredAny vehicle transporting 16+ passengers, including the driver, with a GVWR of less than 26,001 poundsAll first-time applicants must:Pass the vision and knowledge testsPresent a valid medical examiner’s certificateFulfill all other requirements for the class of vehicle you want to driveKnowledge TestThe knowledge test features questions on Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and state laws. If you do not pass  a knowledge or endorsement test, you must wait until the next working day to try again. A total of three attempts to pass any combination of knowledge and drive tests are allowed on each set of receipts within one year from the purchase date of the receipts.Driving TestThe driving test includes a pre-trip inspection test to make sure you can identify truck and bus operating systems and inspect them for safety.The driving test also includes tests on: (1) 90-degree alley docking; (2) straight line backing; or (3) parallel parking . The test will take at least 60 minutes and will include starting, stopping, braking, turning, observing traffic signs and signals, using vehicle controls, observing other traffic, maintaining lane positions, downgrade, railroad crossing, upgrade, downgrade stopping, upgrade stopping, bridge and underpass clearance, and general observance of traffic laws and safe driving practices for trucks or buses.If you fail  the driving test, you must wait a minimum of seven days before attempting again.OhioYou must obtain a CDL if you intend to drive:Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of at least 26,001 pounds, as long as the towed vehicle(s) have a GVWR of at least 10,000 poundsAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds, or any vehicle towing a vehicle with a GVWR of less than 10,000 lbsAny single vehicle or combination of vehicles designed to transport at least 16 passengers including the driver, or is placarded for hazardous materialsAny school bus with a GVWR of less than 26, 001 pounds designed to transport 16+ passengers including the driver.Any vehicle transporting hazardous materials for which placarding is required by federal regulations.Any single vehicle or combination of vehicles that is operated on public roads and is considered to be a commercial motor vehicle (includes cranes, drilling rigs, etc.).Obtaining a PermitYou must  be at least 18 years old, and have a valid Ohio driver’s license.  You’ll need to pass both a vision test and at least one written knowledge test before you may be given a permit package. A general written test must be passed by all applicants. Additional tests will be given to those applying to drive: passenger vehicles, air brakes vehicles, combination vehicles, hazardous materials vehicles, tankers, and double or triple trailers.A  permit allows you  to drive a commercial vehicle when accompanied by a CDL holder sitting in the passenger seat.You are then eligible to take your skills test, the last step before obtaining a CDL.Skills/Road TestDrivers will be required to take this test in the class of vehicle they intend to drive. The test includes a pre-trip inspection, basic control skills maneuvering, and road skills driving tests. The applicant will be required to provide a vehicle for testing and must be accompanied by   a licensed driver for that vehicle.

Importance of Accurate Bloodstain Spatter Analysis in Crime Scene Research Paper

Importance of Accurate Bloodstain Spatter Analysis in Crime Scene Investigations - Research Paper Example Due to the certification of more technicians, a lot of information on the shape of bloodstain is being used in the conclusion of crime events. Blood stain pattern analysis is the assessment of the nature, position, and distribution pattern of bloodstains that should enable an investigator to deduce the physical actions that took place at the scene. The outcomes obtained from the analysis give extra information to medical practitioners when determining the time the victim died. Certified bloodstain pattern analysts are normally used in offering explanations on blood spatter patterns and supplementary verifications at the crime scenes. This assists in the disclosure of vital exploratory information; like the positions of the casualty, the attacker, the items at the scene; the weapon that created the spatter and the number of blows, blast, or stabs the victim received. It can also be used to agree or contradict the report the wounded, suspects or observers give, hence ensuring that an i nnocent person is not condemned. Basically, inert bloodstains are as a result of the gravitational pull. They are normally evident on the various surfaces like the floor, wall, or the clothing. In carrying out crime Scene investigation therefore, documentation of all stains must be done. During blood stain pattern analysis, investigators always apply the physics, mathematics, and trigonometry laws, which assist the investigators to acquire information which enables them to determine the actions that took place; the individuals who were there, and the authenticity of the self defense declaration of the alleged doer. In the crime scene, there may be numerous areas with blood spatters. Identification of all locations with blood spatters and carrying out the necessary analysis is therefore vital. Moreover, after the scene has been documented, the resolution of the course and succession of actions enables the CIS in laying strategies for the collection of blood samples from the most rati onal sites. When careful analysis of the scene is done, accurate representative blood samples will be presented to the crime laboratory for analysis. Introduction Blood pattern analysis assists investigators in the determination of the source of the blood, the distance through which the blood traveled before landing, the form and the bearing of the force that caused the blood stain, the object used to produce the bloodstain, and the position of the casualty and the attacker during and after the bloodshed. Normally small blood spatters are as a result of a lot of force having been used. In order to obtain accurate results, blood pattern analysts must be careful in doing the assessments. Blood spatter as evidence Due to the gravitational pull, the shape of a free falling drop of blood is spherical. The force of gravity results in surface tension which makes the blood molecules to adhere on one another. Due to surface tension, the distance through which the drop of blood falls does not affect the spherical shape (Chisum & Turvey 374). The drop of blood will only break after hitting another surface or when force is exerted on it. When a blood drop hits an impermeable, smooth, and firm surface for instance floor tile, the probability of it forming a spatter in minimal. Freely dipping blood forms huge circular stains. Rough surfaces interfere with the surface tension of the blood drops, thus resulting in spatters and uneven stains having serrated edges. Presentation of precise

Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Education - Research Paper Example However, there exist some issues or problems related to this field which need to be resolved in order to end all concerns about education. Benefits of Education Education brings both personal and professional benefits for a person. Some of the most considerable benefits that education brings for a person include development of increase in self-confidence, development of a good personality, development of peer relationships, increased awareness of various social and political issues, and increased awareness of different professional fields of life. Along with these benefits, some professional benefits of education include increased number of job opportunities, career evolution, attractive salary package, increased opportunities to excel in professional life, and improved ability to raise knowledge-based. Current Issues in Education Education is a vast field related to family and consumer science. It gives light to a number of issues that need a proper resolution. Authorities related t o the field of education need to examine both sides of those issues in order to find proper solutions. Some of the current issues related to education include discipline and security, single language or bilingual education, use of technology to enhance students’ learning, use of social networking websites, race and equality, religion based studies, use of zero tolerance policy for students, private versus public education, teasing and bullying, and use of standardized testing system in education. Moreover, use of effective teaching strategies is also one of the key educational issues. Concept learning can be used in combination with deep learning to promote effective learning (Buntting, 2006). Education of undocumented immigrants is also becoming a major issue for most of the developed countries (Connor, 2011). Although all of the above-mentioned issues are of critical importance from the educational perspective, but some of them are a little more significant and need a quick resolution. Those issues include use of technology to enhance students’ learning, need for bilingual educations systems because of increasing cultural diversity, and private vs. public educational systems. Future Research Areas in Education Apart from current issues, there are some educational issues that need advanced research. Some of those issues include evolution of online educational system, use of proper grading mechanisms to assess special students’ performances, and allowing or restricting sex education for young students. Online Educational System As the world has become a global village, education has also become accessible to people at their doorsteps. An online learning environment is one in which there is a distance between teachers and students and they interact with each other mainly through the internet. In a dissertation, Ivankova (2002) found that distance education has become a possible alternative to the traditional form of higher education in many parts of the world. However, online education also gives rise to some complex issues, such as, less interaction between teachers and students and difficulty in understanding the concepts. In a dissertation, Gallogly (2005) found that online students usually do not feel satisfied with the timeliness of instructional feedback as compared to traditional classroom students. Grading Mechanisms for Assessing Special Students’

Limitations In Social Work Practice Social Work Essay

Limitations In Social Work Practice Social Work Essay There are many competing pressures to direct the service in ways that may not be consistent with Social Work principles towards greater penal and correctional models. It is therefore essential to have a clear understanding of the policy and legal framework that creates the remit and legitimacy for the operation of Social Work in the Criminal Justice process (Whyte, 2001, p.7). As Whytes views indicate, to practise effectively, it is necessary to have a critical understanding of the law and to recognise limitations as well as strengths in Social Work. The law can lack clarity and can be open to interpretation. This essay aims to discuss Social Work roles and responsibilities in Criminal Justice settings in relation to the increasing number of women involved in the Scottish Criminal Justice system. The law can make the Social Work task complex and issues related to assessment, decision-making, accountability, discrimination and oppression will be considered and the impact on services users, their families and the community. Social Work involves working with marginalised and disadvantaged service users who can be both vulnerable to crime and susceptible to criminalisation and subsequently, practice involves work with victims or offenders. Local Authorities (LAs) have a statutory responsibility to provide Criminal Justice Social Work Services to support the Criminal Justice process through assessment of individuals, information to the Courts and supervision of offenders. Scotland differs from the rest of the UK in that there is a unique cultural and political heritage and a separate legal system. Social Work therefore, has a central role within the Criminal Justice process in Scotland which is in contrast to England and Wales. As McAra (2005) suggests a more welfare orientated approach has been adopted due to Scotlands legal culture and political history. The legal framework outlining powers and duties of Criminal Justice Social Work is the Social Work Scotland Act 1968 (as amended). Section 27 of this Act outlines the duty by LAs to provide specific Criminal Justice services (for example social background reports, supervision of offenders on an Order or Licence) in respect of central government funding however, it does not explain the objectives of these services or provide guidance on their exercise. Section 12 gives LAs discretion to provide additional services for example to victims, as part of the general responsibility to promote social welfare. Probation or offender services became the responsibility of the LA Social Work Departments in 1968 and had a general duty to promote social welfare in their locality (S12, Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968). This was due to the Kilbrandon Committee (Kilbrandon, 1964) being appointed to investigate increasing juvenile crime. The Kilbrandon Report recommended a new approach to childrens services with children who offend being treated the same as children requiring care and protection. Kilbrandon also suggested diversion and early voluntary intervention as crime prevention and one department for children and adults. This merge of work with adult offenders was pivotal in recognising work with offenders as having a welfare component admittedly with a level of control. The Kilbrandon philosophy advocated rehabilitation and treatment of offenders and an awareness of the social causes of crime which is still relevant to todays practice. From the 1980s onwards Criminal Justice in Scotland has undergone major legislative and policy change. As there was concern for public protection and community disposal effectiveness in 1991, 100 per cent central government funding was introduced and the National Objectives and Standards (NOS) were published which set out core objectives, service provision and guidance on their delivery (Social Work Group, 1991). This resulted in the government committing to Social Work delivering this role. Due to recent rising prison populations, there has been growing political concern that custody rates need to decrease and should be replaced with community based alternatives. Women are only a minority of the prison population but their imprisonment is increasing more than that of men (McIvor, 2007), although their offending is less serious and less frequent. Prison sentences are inappropriate for female offenders, with the exception of serious or violent female offenders as their fragile situation in the community can be exacerbated and this can have a long-term negative impact on women and their families (Corston, 2007). Social Work with offenders should aim to address and reduce offending behaviour. Whilst the law provides a framework for practice, effective work with offenders requires skills such as communication, therapeutic relationships in supervision, assessment and risk management. The task is varied and complex as Social Workers have the power to control the individuals who are referred via the Courts and enforce Court Orders but must also work with an offender in a holistic, inclusive way to have a positive impact on their offending behaviour (Scottish Executive, 2004a). This can be through support and assistance in relation to personal and social problems but also the individual taking responsibility for their actions. Effective and ethical practice is therefore, about considering and managing the needs and rights of the Courts, the general public, victims and offenders. Although Social Workers have statutory duties and powers to intervene in peoples lives this is not always welcome but is necessary in promoting public safety. Under the Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC) Code of Practice, Social Workers have an obligation to uphold public trust and confidence and the Criminal Justice Authorities (CJAs) are required by Scottish Executive guidance to develop a strategy to address this (Scottish Executive, 2006b). This strategy includes both offenders and their families and Social Workers should engage these individuals and recognise their views in the development of services. Both Criminal Law and Social Work recognise the autonomy of individuals choices on how they lead their lives and with this capacity is criminal responsibility. Those who lack capacity e.g. children and the mentally disordered, are not culpable in the eyes of the law and may be treated differently. It is therefore recognised that criminal behaviour is not just a choice but may be about social circumstances to which they have minimal control. Social Workers should assist in allowing individuals to improve their capacity for making choices together with consequences to their actions (ADSW, 1996a). Although Social Workers are obliged to protect the rights and interests of service users there is a belief amongst the general public that they have forfeited these rights when they have offended. All Criminal Justice agencies must comply with the Human Rights Act 1988 which incorporates into domestic law the fundamental rights set out in the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). Public Authorities are required to respect all of the provisions however, the two articles with particular relevance to Criminal Law and Social Work are the right to liberty and security (Article 5. ECHR) and the right to a fair trial (Article 6, ECHR). However, restrictions can be imposed on those who breach criminal law or are a threat to public safety as long as the detention is authorised by law and there is balance between the individual, their victims and the general public. The Social Worker must assess this balance through rigorous assessment and analysis of risk. The role requires respect to o ffenders as individuals and ensure that the offenders ability and right to function as a member of society is not impaired to a greater extent than is necessary in the interests of justice (ADSW, 1996a). Criminal Justice Social Work services are delivered in partnership with various statutory and non-statutory agencies and this presents challenges due to conflicting professional values and aims. The Management of Offenders etc. (Scotland) Act 2005 was introduced to improve joint working and co-ordinate the management of offenders in the transition from custody to community supervision and places a duty on Criminal Justice Authorities (CJAs) to have an information sharing process in order that relevant information is shared between agencies (s.3 (5)(g)) for improving offender and risk management. However, sensitive personal information must be handled carefully and be under the principles of the Data Protection Act 1988 and local agency protocols. Practitioners must ensure that any information sharing decisions are fully explained and understood by the offender even when their consent to disclosure is not required. Organisations who deliver public services have general duties to eliminate unlawful discrimination and promote equality of opportunity on the grounds of race (Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000), sex (Equality Act 2006), and disability (Disability Discrimination Act 2005). Individuals who are involved with Criminal Justice organisations are entitled to the protection of discrimination laws which relate to sex, race, disability, religious beliefs and sexual orientation, with exception to exercising judicial functions or carrying out Court orders. In these circumstances, it may be within Article 14 of the ECHR which prevents to the right to liberty and security of the individual or the right to a fair trial being interfered with on a wide range of discriminatory grounds. Criminal Justice is still influenced by prejudicial and discriminatory views. Research carried out by both the Social Work and Prisons Inspectorate for Scotland (1998) highlighted concerns about the treatment of female offenders in the Criminal Justice process. In addition, several inquiries in England and Wales in relation to racial discrimination by the police and prison services have subsequently raised public awareness (Macpherson, 1999; Keith, 2006). The Scottish Government has a duty to publish information of discrimination of any unlawful grounds (s.306 (1)(b) Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995) and therefore, all workers need to practise in an anti-discriminatory way. The law outlines the limits of Social Work intervention and knowledge of the law is essential to anti-oppressive practice. The only legitimacy for intervening in the life of the individual within the criminal justice process is the individuals offending behaviour†¦if individuals have social needs which require to be met but are not crime related or crime producing, or if the offence is not sufficiently serious to fall within the criteria of the twin-track approach, services should be offered, as far as possible, through voluntary provision†¦No-one should be drawn into the criminal justice processes in order to receive social work help (Moore and Whyte, 1998, p.24). Risk assessment and offence based practice is an ethical approach. It aims to ensure that the most intensive and potentially most intrusive services are focused on those service users who pose the greatest risk of causing harm to others'(ADSW, 2003) and prevent socially disadvantaged individuals being taken further into criminal justice control which can result in further social exclusion. There is often a complex relationship between social exclusion and offending behaviour and often the Criminal Justice process displays existing injustices within society. It is important that issues in relation to class, age and social context should be recognised together with vulnerability to discrimination. The Social Workers role should be to address issues of social exclusion and empower individuals to lead law abiding lives by addressing their offending behaviour. Social Work can help offenders develop capacity to make informed choices by actively encouraging engagement with improving their current situation and their participation in the supervision and change process (McCulloch, 2005; McNeill, 2004). Assisting offenders to focus on their strengths as opposed to their risk and needs can have a positive impact as they learn to recognise the value in their own lives and respect the value of others. The sentencing stage in the criminal justice process generates the majority of Criminal Justice Social Work through provision of information to the Court in the form of Social Enquiry Reports (SERs) and the administration of community disposals, with the exception of liberty orders (tagging). SERs have no legal basis but there is a statutory duty on criminal justice social work to provide reports to the Court for disposal of a case (s.27(1)(a) SWSA 1968. Reports provide the court with the information and advice they need in deciding on the most appropriate way to deal with offenders. They include information and advice about the feasibility of community based disposals, particularly those involving local authority supervision. In the case of every offender under 21 and any offender facing custody for the first time, the court must obtain information and advice about whether a community based disposal is available and appropriate. In the event of custody, the court requires advice abo ut the possible need for a Supervised Release order or Extended Sentence Supervision on release. (Scottish Executive, 2004d, para. 1.5) The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 sets out when the court can or must obtain an SER. Failure to request a report, where required by law, can result in a sentence being quashed on appeal. The Court is not obliged to follow recommendations or opinions in the SER however, Social Workers can have a direct influence on the sentence passed. Preparing SERs demands a high standard of professional practice. It requires skilled interviewing, the ability to collect and assess information from different sources, and the art of writing a report which is dependable, constructive, impartial and brief (Social Work Services Inspectorate (SWSI), 1996). The law imposes time limits in compiling reports, which in practice creates more demands on a workers time and places increased pressure in the preparation of SERs especially if there are high numbers of worker absence or whether the offender is known to the worker and their individual circumstances. Whilst conducting interviews the worker must ensure that the offender understands the purpose of the report, the relevance of questions (health, addiction issues, and personal relationships) and the limits to confidentiality of this information. Social workers must balance between an informed recommendation and an awareness of the severity of the offence. The report author should be impartial and not minimise the seriousness of the offence and its impact (NOS, Scottish Executive, 2004d, para 5.5) and phrases that imply moral judgements, label or stereotype offenders should not be used (para. 5.1). When compiling an SER workers are required to consider the suitability of disposals in relation to the risk posed by an offender and to target appropriate resources which are most appropriate and successful in addressing offending behaviour. Risk assessment is complex and there has been a shift from concern for the offender and their needs to concern about public safety and the offender being a potential source of risk to others. Although the legislation is not explicit about offending behaviour, NOS state that SERs should provide information and advice which will help the Court decide the available sentencing options†¦by assessing the risk of reoffending, and†¦the possible harm to others. This requires an investigation of offending behaviour and of the offenders circumstances, attitudes and motivation to change (Scottish Executive, 2004d, 1.6). The most widely used assessment tools are The Level of Service Inventory Revised (LSI-R) to assess risk of re-offending and the Risk Assessment Guidance Framework (RAGF) to assess risk of harm. However, workers vary in their use of risk of harm assessment tools, with some workers using the Risk Assessment 1-4 (RA1-4) due to lack of training on the RAGF assessment tool, lack of confidence or personal choice and in personal experience some workers fail to address the risk of harm in SERs for fear of being questioned about the validity and reliability of the assessment. LA Criminal Justice Services have opted for one or other, or a combination of both approaches in their offender management. However, the national implementation of a common tool is now planned, with the proposals for The Level of Service Case Management Inventory (LSCMI) (Scottish Government, 2007). These risk assessment tools are inappropriate for women offenders, as their development is based predominantly on populations of men (McIvor and Kemshall, 2002: Maurutto and Hannah-Moffat, 2006), tend to over predict the risk of re-offending and fail to identify health and other needs that are of particular relevance to women. Even where needs are identified it is unclear whether or how they relate to womens offending. Actuarial calculations can result in inappropriate and harsh responses from the Courts but can also deny that a woman is in the process of desisting from crime or that her offending is a symptom as opposed to a cause of other additional problems in her life. It could be argued that focus should be more about needs which stablise an individuals lifestyle than on offending, which results from that lifestyle, and could be seen as a better way to inform both sentencer and practitioner decision making. Professional judgement also varies widely depending on the assessor. Differences can emerge due to workers age, length of service and experience and some use their professional judgement more than actuarial methods (Barry, 2007a). Risk assessments are standardised tools which fail to take into account how appropriate interventions are or the availability of services but form the basis on which the need for and access to interventions is determined. These differing needs and circumstances mean that available interventions are not appropriate for a lot of women. The assessed needs of women are not always taken into account in the sentence they receive. Women predominantly, are given harsher sentences that are disproportionate to the offence in comparison to the treatment of male offenders. Community Service is a high-tariff disposal which is legislated to serve as an alternative to custody. However, research carried out in Scotland concluded that women were more likely to receive a Community Service Order in their involvement in the Criminal Justice system than men (McIvor, 1998; McIvor and Barry, 1998). Community Service is traditionally male dominated, is mainly heavy manual duties such as painting, landscaping and joinery and many women struggle with this disposal for several reasons. Firstly, in terms of child care arrangements whilst undertaking their placement, women can be wary due to past experiences with Children and Families Social Workers even although they have no access to childcare through their own social networks and therefore, organising childcare facilities becomes the responsibility of the Social Work Department. Additionally, there is lack of female supervisors to oversee Community Service placements for women and many women are reluctant to be supervised by a man and this greatly reduces the number of placements appropriate to their skills and capabilities. The use of effective and appropriate sanctions for female offenders presents some challenges. Interventions and services are typically developed for male offenders but are unlikely to meet female offenders needs and there is increasing recognition that gender appropriate provision is required. As argued by Sheehan et al. (2007) gender specific responses may encourage a reduction in imprisonment for this vulnerable group as women tend to offend through necessity than choice (Barry, 2007b; Home Office, 2004). Support from Social Workers should be given to reduce involvement in offending, but underlying problems must also be addressed such as low self-esteem, mental and physical health, financial restraints and limited educational and employment opportunities. A study of probation with female offenders in Scotland, found that practitioners recognised that interventions with women need to be more informal, less structured and more focused on issues other than offending behaviour. Community sanctions work more effectively if there is flexibility as women tend to breach orders as a result of non-compliance as opposed to further offending (Scottish Government, 2007). Probation can be seen as access to a package of welfare measures which might not otherwise be available to women who need support as opposed to punishment (McIvor and Barry, 1998). An ongoing challenge for practitioners is the absence of alternative welfare orientated disposals and that some women view probation negatively based on previous episodes of supervision or involvement in relation to child care issues and may not embrace support made available. Probation Orders vary in length and this can cause difficulties in client motivation over a long period of time and increases the risk of non-compliance resulting in Breach. Although the law is crucial in framing Social Work practice in the Criminal Justice process it is equally important that Social Work skills and values are central to effective interventions. Crime has become increasingly prominent both in the public and political agenda and therefore, Social Work has become more prominent and complex. Social Workers have a professional responsibility towards victims, the Court, community and offenders however, community based resources are scarce for women as their offending rarely presents a significant public risk (Scottish Office, 1998). The needs presented by women appear to be less about offending and more about the underlying problems in their lives such as former or current abuse, poverty, parenting difficulties, mental health and addiction issues and this can increase the likelihood of offending (Carless, 2006). These problems due to their nature and complexity often make it difficult for professionals to work effectively within the confines of the Criminal Justice system. Priority should be given to offering practical and emotional support to women rather than focusing on their offending behaviour and their ability to comply with strict requirements. The Criminal Justice system cannot solely provide effective responses to vulnerable women leading often chaotic and damaged lives within an increasingly risk averse and punitive environment however, Social Workers need to have a critical understanding of the law to practice effectively and to recognise its limitations as well as strengths.

How far were southerners to blame for the civil war? Essay

During and for years after the war, Northerners blamed Southerners and Southerners blamed Northerners for starting the war. With hindsight today, it is easy to dish out blame and easiest to point the finger at the South. After all it was the Southern states that seceded from the union, and it was obvious to many Southerners at the time, and to most Northerners that the result of such secession would be war. It was the Confederates that fired the first shots of the war at Fort Sumter in April 1861, and in doing so they provoked a conflict that would leave one in four white adult male southerners dead, the South’s economy devastated and slavery, the â€Å"peculiar institution† they fought to defend, abolished. However because slavery is seen today to be such a morally and ethically wrong and evil thing, people’s views can be blurred, leading them to side automatically with the North. There were of course many events that furthered America’s sectionalism and eventually led to the civil war, most of which blame can be divided equally. It is therefore necessary to be objective and take each into account, concluding perhaps that the South was not entirely to blame for the civil war, just as Germany was not entirely to blame for the first world war. The Missouri dispute was the first of events that caused division between North and South. In 1819 the territory of Missouri applied to become a state in the union, it was settled mainly by Southerners and ten percent of its population were black slaves. Its constitution therefore would make Missouri a slave state. This would cause imbalance in the Senate whereby the South would have a majority, so congressman Tallmadge from New York proposed that Missouri should only be allowed to join the union if it would abolish slavery. This issue was debated across the country; the South saw Tallmadge’s proposal as an attack on their political power. In the House of Representatives the North already had a large majority and if any new states were to be free, any of the South’s wishes could be ignored in both houses. In 1820 a compromise was made whereby Missouri was made a slave state, and Maine was made a free state, thus keeping the balance in the Senate. Also there were to be no slaves above the line of 36 30†² latitude. This dispute to an extent can be blamed on the North, as it was Tallmadge’s statement that sparked off tension and Southern determination to defend slavery. The North could have been satisfied with their majority in the House of Representatives and just allowed Missouri to be a slave state, knowing that soon other states would arise possibly wanting to be free. The 1828 Nullification Crisis was a cause of further sectionalism that was not directly about slavery; it was instead focused on state rights versus federal rights. Congress proposed to raise import duties making foreign goods more expensive. This would protect industry in the North as consumers would buy American made goods, but it would hurt the South as they relied heavily on cotton trade with Great Britain. The South saw this as another attack from the North, so Senator Calhoun from South Carolina declared that if a state felt the Federal Government was abusing it’s power, that state could nullify or ignore any measure or act it disagreed with. He also said that any state had the right to secede. In 1832 South Carolina ignored the new import duties and President Jackson threatened to send in troops. Eventually they backed down and excepted a lower set of duties. This escapade and Calhoun’s statement about secession threatened the very existence of the union. Blame for this can fall on both the North for selfishly looking after their interests without regard for the South, and on the South for supporting Calhoun’s idea of secession which threatened to tear apart the country at such an early stage. Next came the dispute over California and New Mexico. In 1846 USA won a war against Mexico and gained the lands of California and New Mexico. Congressman Wilmot from Pennsylvania proposed that slavery should be banned in all land taken from Mexico. The South opposed Wilmot’s proviso, as according to the Missouri compromise, California should be part free and part slave. However the climate of California and New Mexico was unsuitable for cotton growth and it was unlikely that slavery would expand that far west anyway, so there was no need for Wilmot to say what he did. By opening his mouth, Wilmot opened an old wound, making the South firmer in their defense of slavery. Calhoun reiterated his views on secession in his doctrine and tension grew with the Californian gold rush. Thousands rushed to California and its settlers formed a constitution that banned slavery. Before it could be a state Congress had to approve the constitution. The Southern states opposed it and the break up of the union was on the horizon once again. As usual a compromise was reached. In 1850 California became a free state but a new harsh Fugitive Slave law was introduced, meaning if a slave escaped to a free state, men could hunt the slave down across the borders and bring him back. The bitterness and tension here can be blamed on both the North and South. The North because Wilmot and his supporters were willing to blatantly go against the 1820 compromise, and the South as they would not simply accept the wishes of the Californian people. The dispute over Kansas and Nebraska is perhaps the best example where both Northerners and Southerners were to blame for what happened. In 1854 Senator Douglas from Illinois proposed a bill to form two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska, in order to buy land to build a transcontinental railroad. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska act but it was left for the inhabitants of the territories to decide for or against slavery. Nebraska was unsuitable for slavery but Kansas wasn’t. So, despite the fact that Kansas was above 36 30†² latitude, slave owners from Missouri moved in, in an attempt to make Kansas a slave state. Similarly so did abolitionists from the North. Both groups set up governments and sought approval from Congress. Violence followed in a war lasting several years which was nicknamed â€Å"Bleeding Kansas† Eventually abolitionist settlers outnumbered the slavers and in 1861 Kansas became a free state. In this case both sections were as bad as each othe r with their childish quarrels and fights. So who really was to blame for the Civil war? From the above-mentioned factors, which are only a few of many, you could conclude that both Northerners and Southerners were equally responsible. However the most important factor as mentioned in the beginning is the fact that the Southern States seceded. They did not have to, but they did. In 1861 there was no immediate threat to slavery, Lincoln said when he was elected that he would not interfere with slavery in states where it was already established. He thought it would take a hundred years or more before slavery would fade away, and considering the Republicans did not have a majority in Congress in 1860, there was little Lincoln could do to threaten slavery. Despite this, Southern politicians, representing the wishes of their constituents, acted irrationally and established an independent Southern nation, believing they were protecting themselves from the wrath of the North. Most Southerners knew that in doing so they would start a war and some realized at the time the full extent of their mistake. They knew they would start a war and they realized they would lose. The North was far more industrialized and stronger in numbers of men and it was very likely that they would win. Jonathan Worth from North Carolina said in spring 1861 â€Å"I think the South is committing suicide, but my lot is cast with the South and being unable to manage the ship, I intend to face the breakers manfully and go down with my companions† If all Southerners had realized their foolishness a lot of bloodshed could have been avoided. However a mass delusion seemed to effect the South, they believed they had to fight to survive. Southerners picked the fight; they fired first and were made to lie in the grave they dug for themselves.